Crazy Cubes, Baseball Cannons, Logic, the 4th Dimension, and Monkey Bars.

JF Ptak Science Books   (Older post #2248 from July 2014 expanded)

[Image source:  Joshua Robinson, "A Machine Before its Time", Wall Street Journal, June 21, 2010. See below.]

Somewhat Zelig-like, Charles Howard Hinton (1853-1907) is a sort of shadowy Oxford-educated figure who turns up in the beautiful Jorge Luis Borges' works, and who married one of  George Boole's daughters¹, and who was a great and very early visualizer of geometries of higher dimensions, and who was the coiner of tesseract, and the inventor of a baseball pitching machine, and a practical joker, and a sci-fi writer, and who deserved an obituary in the New York Sun by the masterful Gellett Burgess², and who seemed to keep one step ahead of everyone and himself.

He was also the creator of "crazy cubes".

There are many standard-bearers in the history of modern art who probably owe something to Hinton, who published his ideas on the fourth dimension (illustrated!) just at the time when this idea was in it trial runs in the artwork of the modern age.

And so do baseball players—or at least those at Princeton, where he introduced his machine which evidently was used there for several seasons. The pitching gun really was a cannon, the baseball loaded into the thing with an appropriate cartridge to shoot the ball at pitcherly speeds, which he described it in Harper's Weekly for March 20, 1897. It was capable of varying speeds, had an adjustable breech, and was capable of throwing a curve. (How Hinton got to Princeton is interesting and a mystery, both; he was an instructor of math in England until he was charged and convicted of bigamy in 1886, whereupon he took his first wife and four (?) sons to Japan to teach in Yokohama for a while, then yadda yadda yadda he starts teaching at Princeton in 1893.)

Hinton was into a lot of things, with a very inquisitive mind, and very smart. And so he bounced here and there in his careers, from position to position. David Toome, in his fine The New Time Travelers: A Journey to the Frontiers of Physics (2010) gently and wonderfully describes Hinton (in his relations to the exterior world of work) as “buoyant” (page 29).

In any event, Hinton seems not to have patented the thing, so far as I can determine in 10 minutes of patent searches.

The cannon seems to have excited a bit of baseball scifi³ in itself, adding to Hinton's other pleasures.

In a longer and better article than mine, Joshua Robinson writes in the Wall Street Journal about  Hinton's machine and the near-roboticized future of baseball:

“...(I)n 1896, the Los Angeles Times called it a "Frankenstein." One Washington Post columnist worried it would ring in an age of robots ruining the national pastime—this was a long time before anyone was worried about steroids.

"There would be the base-burning, high-pressure, anti-friction catcher," he wrote, "and the shortstop made of aluminum and rivets and filled with cogs, cams, valves, shafts, and belting."

Hinton's pitcher was an interesting idea, but ultimately it proved to be too cumbersome and slow to be of any sustained use. Plus, as Robinson points out, after the cartridge was fired there was a puff of smoke, which caused occasional consternation and confusion for those standing in front of the canon. And ducking. 

And the so-called "crazy cubes"?  That moniker is my own creation. These were simply (really not so) creations by Hinton that he said would help people visualize his four dimensional world, as Rudy Rucker (see below) describes as "points moving around in three dimensions might be imagined as successive cross-sections of a static four-dimensional arrangement of lines passing through a three-dimensional plane..."  Evidently the cubes helped many people experience a more internalized world of fantastic difference, some stating that the cubes drove some people insane. Of course they were just colored cubes, pretty in themselves--though the problem of visualization was fairly knotty.⁴  

[Source: The Fairyland of Geometry, a Cultural History of Higher Space, 1869-1909, here.]

It MUST be pointed out that there is a very steely concretized example of the Hinton tesseract that is still around, brought into existence by one of Hinton's sons. Sebastian Hinton (1887-1923) was a lawyer in Chicago who hit on an idea of bringing his father's work somewhat into the hands of the public-at-large--specifically, into the hands of children, who would be able to play and climb and swing in Charles' fourth dimensional idea.  He applied for a patent in 1920 which was granted in 1923:

 

[Image source: Wiki Commons.]

The "Junglegym"⁵. 

Notes:

1. George Boole actually had five daughters. It was Mary Ellen Boole who married Charles. She lived 1856-1908, ending her own life a few months after her husband died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Both died in Washington, D.C., after settling there for Charles' job at the Naval Observatory and then at the USPO as an examiner of chemical patents. 
2. Gelett Burgess (1866-1951) was an MIT grad, artist, critic, writer, and a sort of perfect person to write Hinton's obit. Among Burgess' memorable books are The Purple Cow, Are You a Bromide, Goops and How to Be Them, among others. 
3. I have no idea about what the history of baseball in science fiction looks like.  

4. “One mathematical crank from the continual stream [into the homes of George Boole], was Charles...who brought an excruciatingly intricate system of squares and cubes he had created to get a better grasp of “the fourth dimension.” His reasons for the pursuit of this understanding included mysticism, a desire for absolute knowledge, and the belief that humans live in a four-dimensional space they could eventually perceive. The cubes were divided into two sets. Each of the eighty-one cubes of one set had its own Latin name (in Figure 8, right, one cube of this set is shown, with the name of its components). The other set contained twelve cubes, each of them distinctively multicolored...Names and colors were relevant to the understanding of “the fourth dimension” and had to be memorized. There were various prescribed ways to arrange the cubes. One of these ways represented the four-dimensional cube or, as Charles christened it, the tesseract...”-- “The Extraordinary Case of the Boole Family”, by Moira Chas, on the American Math Society website.

5. Evidently the term "monkey bars" didn't take hold until the 1950's, though Hinton referred to "monkey-like play" in his patent application. Also Charles had built a version of these of bamboo for the children to play on and help them understand the concept of moving through three dimensional space, though I'd wager the kids were just having fun.  

• Good, steady, concise treatment of Hinton on wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Howard_Hinton
• Joshua Robionson's Wall Street Journal article, here.
• Hinton's bigamy conviction:  http://higherspace.wordpress.com/2009/06/12/rucker-on-boole-stott-hintons-bigamy/#_ftn8

 If you're interested in Hinton do not fail to see Rudy Rucker's introduction to Speculations on the Fourth Dimension: Selected Writings a/Charles H. Hinton, (Dover Publications, New York 1980).