JF Ptak Science Books

The Beauty of Pi, Times Two (and More)

JF Ptak Science Books  Quick Post 

Very little is pretty as pie, especially when there's more than one.  Double that for pi.  I happened to be breezing through an 1829 book of mathematical formulas by C.P. Biel and found this lovely section on an extended computation of pi.It occurs on page 38, and carries pi out to 155 places--which for the time was very significant. (Pi was computed to 9 places  by Francoise Viete in 1579; 15 places by Adriaan van Roonan, 1593; 32 by Ludolph van Ceulen in 1596; 35 by Willebrord Snell in 1621; 38 by Christoph Grienberger; 75 by Abraham Sharp in 1699; 100 by John Machin in 1706; 137 by Jurj Vega in 1794; and 152 by Legendre in 1794.)

In any event, it is a lovely display.

And so to for the multiplication of pi:

A Note on the Finite Infinite Library: McBorges' and Influenced Forgetting

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 2163

Jorge Borges wrote a powerful and wonderful short story called The Library of Babel, where the universe is basically composed of books the center of which is an anti-black-book-hole. I was thinking about this in a waiting room a few hours ago, and thinking of the Infinite in general, all of which somehow led me to the Finite Library and Forgetting. 

["The Librarian", is a 1566 work by Giueseppe Archimbaldo, 1526-1593, who painted incredible portraits such as this at a time when expressioin in this form would have been extremely uncommon--his semi-Boschian sense and image palette makes him the Vermeer of constructed object painting, I think.]

In a country set into thin mists, compulsive and repetitive feeding instruments were replaced with Ideaoterias. Rather than an endless maps of interwoven McDonald's restaurants set at predictable intervals, there are libraries.

1. Each library contains 10,000 books.

2. All 10,000 books are the same from library to library.

3. Each location must organize their 10,000 volumes differently, each grouping identifying ideas inherent in the contents of each volume, in support or negation of one another, arranged with other books that were complimentary, or supplementary, or antagonistic, or worse, or better.

    4. The organization of thought contained in those 10,000 volumes would be different from location to location, the librarian-explorers having organized the library so that the books were freed into new spaces.

    5. The number of books is finite; the infinite aspect is the continuous shifting of material and the expanding structure for the display of ideas. The simplest aspect of this arrangement makes it possible for every book to actually be seen. (Even in cursory browsing the mind has certain expectations of what-come-next when browsing a shelf, sweeping past things that have been swept-past before, rejected or unneeded for whatever reason. The deeper aspect is for the association of ideas by the placement of book, the arrangements suggesting themselves for the reader to have a new experience witn an old idea or book or set of books.

    6. The McBorges' Library is a learning, memory, and forgetting experience.

    7. Forgetting may be a key to making these libraries an infinite experience: re-re-re-etc.-learning does not imply necessarily that the learned bits will be cumulative, and useful. Maybe the best we can do is have learned and re-learned bits in a new context, making it possible to have more ideas; this means that a certain amount of forgetting is necessary, where that forgetting unleashes existing associations of ideas.

    8. At McBorges', forgetting is an important aspect of learning, but really only in regard to what it would take to open the possibilities for new ideas by rearrangement of old relationships. The palaces of memory work hand-in-hand with the Palaces of Forgetting.

The Non-Talking Talkie--Soundless Talking Pictures (1917) and the Beauty of Timelessly Bad Ideas

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 2162

"Motion-picture and method of producing the same."

 

I've written a note earlier on this blog about the history of word balloons--it is the stuff that we think of today as the little clouds filled with words over the heads of comic book characters and such, but which had a long history stretching back at least to the Renaissance when speech was illustrated in a similar way, but with lovely scrolls instead of blank clouds (as we see above).

        See for example:

• The X-Ray of the Imagination:  Internal Dialog, Demons, Humors, and Picturing the Stuff of Thought--On the outer shapes of the inner container
• Word Balloons (Continued): an Early Version in a Printed Book, 1523  
• There's also a few posts on the visualization of thinking, which comes close to this topic but not quite, as illustrated in teh post on Francis Galton's groundbreaking and probably-the-first-paper-on-synesthesia Visualizing Numeracy)

The following illustrations though come at a great expense to the imagination, and were a weak but fully patented  attempt to replace spoken-word captions in the pre-audio motion picture--that is silent films before the Talkies.  In general I guess the complaint with illustrating speech during a photoplay was that the text card was a breakaway from the moving-picture part of the experience, necessitating a clean break from action so that the audience could read about what was being pantomimed.

Folks were well underway in processes to produce sound motion pictures, though up to this point--1917--the systems were separate recordings of sound and speech which would be played in conjunction/synchronously though not necessarily at exactly the right moments with the motion picture. Edison was hot on this trail but with blemished trials, combining his kinetoscope and phonograph in very early and novel attempts at producing a sound motion picture in the first decade or so in the development of moving pictures. The next 20 years in this development are fairly complex, but the matter is fairly well solved by at least three different technologies by 1923 with the production of successful continuous sound-on-film motion pictures, and then most famously and successfully debuting with The Jazz Singer in 1927.  

And then there is this colossal bit of overdeveloped-underdeveloped thinking that would link the seamless word of not needing text card interruptions with non-spoken speech--and coming just this shy of not meaning anything at all. The work is that of Charles F(elton) Pidgin (1844-1923) who was a very successful author of genre/historical romance books (though he did have an interesting-sounding title in The Letter H, a Novel). He was also an engineer of some sort with some advanced patents in calculating machines and devices, which is the way I came to his name (via a letter I have written to him by the director of the U.S. Census rejecting his tabulating apparatus because it basically produced too much info for too much money, but that's another story). 

Pigdin's idea--in short--was to have an inflating paper text bubble issue from the mouth of the actor during a scene--in that way the view could see what the other actors on the screen were "hearing". 

[Source:  the lovely Google Patents, here.]

I know this might sound as though I'm judging a technological effort from the vantage point of the idea's deep future, but I believe that this idea was a truly bad one right from the moment of conception, a two-beer idea that should've stayed in the bar, no matter if it was 1917 or 1967 or 2017.  Sometimes bad ideas are just bad ideas, top to bottom--and some of them are timesless, like this one.  

NOTES:

And from Pidgin's patent, explaining it all: 

The Unexpected Unintentional Unusual: Maps of America

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 2162   An offshoot of the Unintentional Absurdist series

After all of this time on this blog--six years now and 3,000 posts--I think that I would have paid more attention to Unintentional and Unexpectedly Odd Maps of America that bobble up here and about in the home collection. The are odd and strange maps though none really relegated to America--there are strange maps of NYC (as in NYC being disappeared, or lifted by strange anti-gravity implements to float serenely above its hollowed ground below)--but none of the entire country.  And so a few have come up, unexpected and unusual things, though not so much in and of themselves, but separately.  What I mean to say is that the maps (for the large part) make sense with regards to their texts--not terribly much though without.  And so, here are the first few (and brief) examples:

This rather strange example was printed as the covers of a pamphlet in 1928 and comes from the American Foundation for the Blind, simply showing the progression of the agency's representatives extending out beyond the originating point of New York City, though on  first sight the map is very unusual, and naively odd.

This sort of map in the "Unexpected" category differs from the intentional oddness of maps like (the very recent) map of the U.S. showing distances to McDoanld's, or I.W. Moore's 1833 map incorporating an eagle into the design of the early Republic

 or even the Porcineographic map of the U.S. of 1876:

Again, they are very unusual images--particularly the latter--and they were trying to be so.  The Unexpected Unusual map is unusual but not by choice. 

 Another example is the cover illustration for A Brides Guide to the U.S.A., which was intended for the (British) brides of American servicemen returning to the U.S. following the end of WWII.  More than anything, the whole arrangement of the pamphlet is just a little off.

And lastly, for now, comes a puzzling map from an oddly-named pamphlet called Conservation (More or Less Humor) which was an appreciation of some of C.C.C. camps (Civilian Conservation Corps) and shows little sign of authorship ("S. Martin") and none of place of publication.

 The whole production is pretty happenstance, somewhat crude, and probably quickly undertaken and completed, giving it an air of slim and slippery mystery.  The end result for the pamphlet cover, though is unusual, and a little creepy, somehow, and in a way it is a great representative of the Unexpected/Unusual/Unintentional in maps.  

 

An Early Camel-Driven Solo Internet from the 10th Century

JF Ptak Science Books   Quick Post

If you defined the internet as a transporting device for vast amounts of information and data then perhaps Abdul Kassem Ismael (938-995), the Grand Vizier of Persia, produced such a thing over one thousand years ago. I found the story in Albert Manguel's A History of Reading (a fabulous book published in 1996), who relates that when the Vizier traveled he did so with his library.  That was an enormous effort, as ther were 117,000 volumes in the library, all of which were packed up onto 400 camels, and sent on their way.

  [Source, here]

That camel train--which I imagine must've been 1.5 miles long--was piloted by 400 drivers, and then attended to by an entirely different camel train of support of food and water for the perhaps other 400 people traveling in support, making the whole enterprise 2 miles long or more.  The books were all arranged alphabetically, so the drovers maneuvered their camels in a certain way, making them mobile librarians in their way.  

In any event, the whole movement of that vast library 1000 years ago can romantically be seen as a sort of internet--for one man.  

It seems that this is a mostly not-true story/interpretation of a near-event, but I'm running with the interpretation.  

The First Personal Computer (?)--"Simon", 1950

 

The first exposure of the American public in general to a "personal computer" may have been in this issue of the Scientific American for November 1950--an article called "Simple Simon" by the very busy Edmund Berkeley.  (Amidst much else, Berkeley also wrote a book called Giant Brains, which seems to me to be the first mass-consumption book--written in terns for the general public--on how the computer works, and the design of "how a machine will think".  Berkeley looks at the MIT Differential Analyzer #2, the Moore School ENIAC, Bell Labs' General-Purpose Relay Calculator, and the IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator.) 

The Simon was a five-hole paper tape (which was its data entry and memory) 2-bit storage relay-based computer that could use numbers from 0 to 3.  It was extremely limited, but it worked, and it was real.  And affordable.  And a baseline for things to come.

Berkeley introduced the idea for Simon in Giant Brains:

"We shall now consider how we can design a very simple machine that will think. Let us call it Simon, because of its predecessor, Simple Simon... Simon is so simple and so small in fact that it could be built to fill up less space than a grocery-store box; about four cubic feet....It may seem that a simple model of a mechanical brain like Simon is of no great practical use. On the contrary, Simon has the same use in instruction as a set of simple chemical experiments has: to stimulate thinking and understanding, and to produce training and skill. A training course on mechanical brains could very well include the construction of a simple model mechanical brain, as an exercise..."--Edmund Berkeley, in Giant Brains, 1949, p. 22 

In the Scientific American paper Berkeley introduced the machine and how it functioned; he also described three  three outcomes for Simon:

First: "Simon itself can grow.  It possess all the essentials of a mechanical brain..."

Second: "It is likely to stimulate the building of other small mechanical brains.  Perhaps the simplicity and relatively low cost of such machines may make them attractive to amateurs as the radio set and the small telescope."  [The "low cost" in 1951 was $600--equal to about $4000 today.]

Third:  "It may stimulate thought and discussion on the philosophical and social implications of machines that handle information..."

Berkeley finishes the three-page article with the following paragraph, looking into the not-too-distant future:

"Some day we may even have small computers in our homes, drawing their energy from electric-power lines like refrigerators or radios ... They may recall facts for us that we would have trouble remembering. They may calculate accounts and income taxes. Schoolboys with homework may seek their help. They may even run through and list combinations of possibilities that we need to consider in making important decisions. We may find the future full of mechanical brains working about us."

Rare Technical Report on the V1, January 1945, Reprinted in Full

JF Ptak Science Books   Quick Post

I found this unusual report in the Library of Congress Pamphlet Collection stash here in the warehouse--surprised that it was printed, and surprised that it was printed in Paris in January 1945.  Paris had been liberated by this time, but I wasn't so sure how much of this sort of technical data would have been liberated during the last stage of the war.  Of course the Germans were past the V1 with the V2, but, still, I thought it the data was unusual to find reprinted in a technical journal (Genie Civil, 1 Januar 1945).

[Moreau, Henri (1893-1978) and Paul Chovin.  "L'arme allemande de represailles V1", offprint from Genie Civil, 1 January 1945.  9x6 inches, 8pp, printed in Paris (newly liberated from the German army 25 August 1944) in early 1945.]  And for some reason there are no reprints of this available in libraries worldwide, or so says the OCLC/WorldCat catalog.

I've reprinted the document below in its entirety. Some of the text runs off the side of the scanner, but that is the best I can do in scanning the pamphlet without taking it completely apart. 

History of Lines and Holes as Alphabetical Light

J Ptak Science Books  Post 2160

Part of the History of Holes  & History of Lines series

This curious illustration appears in forty-five volume Cyclopedia of  Abraham Rees (published 1795-1820), displaying a system for communicating over distances at night.  When this part of the Cyclopedia was printed in 1808, the electrical telegraph was still 37 years away from coming into being--45 years from being somewhat well-used.  Before this time (visual) communications over long distances at night were limited to just these sorts of means--lighted semaphores, hand-held torches, that sort of thing.

The system outlined in the (first) illustration above shows how a semaphore was articulated to produce telegraphic signals at night, fashioned with arms that had changeable holes in the arms, allowing light through to specify letters. As cumbersome and time-consuming as this might seem, it was about the only way to communicate remotely across distances (and at night)--so to transmit messages over miles there would be a series of installation s such as these on hilltops, transferring the message from one ot the other, until the destination was research. This idea did not look so antiquated until the electric telegraph took over, making it seem as though this fire-and-wood technology was 500 years old.  It was that, and older still--but it is the product of revolutionary development that the great discovery can sometimes bring upon instant antiquarianism on whatever it was that was being replaced. 

Signaling at sea at night was somewhat different at this time and didn't include anything remotely close to the alphabet.  So the rather complex system that we see here (above) is extremely uncommon--it seems also very unwieldy to put into effect.  Unfortunately I don't have the text volume that would explain then entire system and implementation, so I'm going to guess that there was a large, powerful light source that was covered by a tight, black, covering tablet that would eliminate nearly all light leakage.  The symbols for each letter of the alphabet (and numerals) would be cut out from another tablet that would fit over the face of the light source, placed between the blank and the light.  To transmit a letter the user would then simply remove the blank covering tablet to reveal the light broadcast by the hole or slit in the tablet underneath.  The blank would then be placed back, a new tablet for a new letter placed underneath, and the process would begin again:  blank (dark); letter (light); blank (dark); letter (light), and so on to the end of the message.   I guess the distance at which these symbols could be seen would be dependent on light source, atmospheric conditions, ad so on.  The way that the letters are made into symbols seems to me very intelligent, so that you distinguish the differences from an appreciable distance.  I like it--its an elegant idea.  (Well, maybe it didn't work in this manner, but it seems to make sense to me.)

The image of the full sheet:

Episodes in the History of Dropping Things: Baby Bombs, Bomb Babies, and Dropping Women on Manhattan

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1670 from December 2011, revised.

In the history of dropping things--as distinguished from simple falling things--it must be said I think that this is the easiest of all human activities ever invented, and people have been trying to improve on this creation ever since.  After all, almost anyone can do it and--if you include pushing things over a ledge so that they might fall--most complex life forms can do it, too. 

Of course there have been intellectual and technological adaptations, particularly when you include throwing and shooting things so that the objects have been charged with a "created height" so that they will be dropped in the designated location.  Cannons have been particular benefit to this aspect of advanced dropping.  And then of course there are the "Galileos" of dropping--like Galileo--and Jonas Moore and David Letterman and of course Seinfeld's Kramer, and to a lesser extent there's also every other person from the Boston area who represent hundreds of millions of people who drop a letter from somewhere in their spoken vocabulary.  There are people who drop their accents altogether, and of course politicians who drop the truth, and the tantalizers who drop suggestions, and paid-for pharmaceutical consultants who drop the untoward test results and their accountants who drop a zero when necessary.

[Image source:  June, 1936, Popular Mechanics.]

People drop options, they drop in and out and off, pennies and dimes, lawsuits and dumplings, coverage and names and the f-bomb.  They also drop dead and bombs, the last two being closely related, though more people "drop dead" when bombed because they are killed. 

Bombs seem to be the biggest of all dropped things, especially bombs dropped by airplanes, and especially those bombs dropped on collections of people, which are called cities.

Perhaps one of the strangest things to be dropped, though, is the following, found in  the September 1935 issue of Popular Mechanics

This was a model of sorts for a critical-care-parachute-gurneystretcher, or something, for when a crew member of a U.S. Army Air Force aircraft was injured and needed care, though the article doesn't specify where the person would be dropped. Overall it seems not the height of workable ideas, and suffered no doubt from its model using a baby doll, which just looks altogether wrong. 

And the last part of this episode is another strange bit:  dropping women on Manhattan. The  image comes from 1904 and--when taken out of context--it seems as though Manhattan is in for the worst of it, with a view in front of the Flat Iron Building of an aerial bombardment of women.  This is probably one of the few bad things that weren't done with/at women, and would actually significantly predate the first use of explosives being dropped from aircraft.  Unfortunately the original, intended image was a poke at  crinoline  and featured women being blown up into the air rather than the other way around, though I like my interpretation better.

 

 

Found-Poetry in a Quibbling "Electro-Biologic" Early Computer Work, 1851

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 2158

Alfred Smee's Process of Thought Adapted to Words and Language, Together with a Description of the Relational and Differential Machines¹... is an extraordinary book, an "electro-biologic" work of superior thought and organization, and which is seen as being the first work theorizing the possibility of information storage and retrieval via a machine.  I've not yet read this book through though the book is long known to me--now, sitting down with it, finally, I was instantly drawn to its high possibilities because of the structure of its table of contents.  It--the table-- simply is a beautiful read. [Source: here.]

There have been times on this blog where I have created some bits of found poetry from mostly densely difficult passages--generally the process seems to diffuse the maledictus confutatis, and becomes some sort of pretty. (See Found-Poetry of Accumulations, Found-Word Bibliopathology, "Hog-Bound", a Found-Poem in a FBI Dposition, for example.) In this instance--using the description of Chapter XI ("On Logic or the Art of Quibbling") in the table of contents--the found poetry is made from some incredible fragments on the order of Piranesi's imago frammenti  and lovely in their own way and found in situ, lovely in their original setting, and still more attractive set as poetry, I think:

ON LOGIC OR THE ART OF QUIBBLING

Logic applicable to Quibbling, Quibbles by Puns, By Qualified Nouns,

By Variations in Number,  

By the Question involving Two Answers, By Constitution of Words, By the Verb,

By General Principles, with Exceptions.

By Two Words for the same Thing

By Cause and Effect, By using Words contrary to well-known Principles, By Action conjoined with the use of Words,  By Variations of Emphasis.

By Exalting a Probability, By Circular Reasoning.

By a Question involving a False Premiss.

By reasoning upon that which may be known.

By changing the Word for the same Thing.

 By a Variation of Punctuation,

By Begging the Question.

 

Re-setting Chapter XI seems to be more of a result of exploration in the more-densely arranged original--setting out in the book's version one is more like an explorer, finding bits and chunks here and there, and then simply placing them in a more orderly fashion, as in the case of Piranesi's bits and pieces. 

The text of Chapter XI might also be read as a street map, and the reader, in this case, could be attracted to it as a flaneur, roaming its twists and turns in a casual but observational way, strolling into the most interesting and attractive parts.  An urban garden of words. 

Russian Non-Representational Futurist Art--a Different Sort of Revolution, 1913

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 2157

"Colour is the keyboard, the eyes are the hammers, the soul is the piano with many strings. The artist is the hand which plays, touching one key or another, to cause vibrations in the soul"--W. Kandinsky, Concerning the Spiritual in Art,  translated by Michael T. H. Sadler, 1912.

I'm not sure exactly when the first published non-represntational/purely abstract book illustrations appear--perhaps it is with the Kandinsky book in 1912. Kandinsky is widely seen as being probably the first to produce art where there was "nothing" of the physical/representational world recognizable in the artwork--this around 1910/11. The trend was widely seen in the Impressionist movement of the 1860's/70's+ (and with James Whistler 30 and forty years earlier) though finding art like this in book form published contemporarily with the artwork itself is a fairly rare event.  By later 1911 and through 1912 completely non-representational painting was seen in the work of many, including Gelizes, Delauny, Kupka, Dove, Picabia, and others.

What I found particularly interesting in this image by Natalia Goncharova (1881-1962) was that not only was it a book/pamphlet illustration, but it was on the cover, as well.  I know this must be very early for artwork such as this to be published in a book, but it strikes me as being very unusual that it is straight-away the first thing you see. 

NYC Ice--Glacial Mapping, 20,000 BCE

JF Ptak Science Books  Quick Post   Part of the History of Lines series

In grazing "The Geology of New York City and Vicinity", a pamphlet by Chester Reeds and printed by  the American Museum of Natural History (NYC) in 1926, I found these maps of the extent and thickness of the last glaciers in the region, and thought them quite lovely. 

This was the southernmost lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet, a vast plain of enormous ice that covered most of North America, the last bit of which dissipated around 22,000 years ago.  The maps reconstruct a bit of that glacial topography--the physical kind, not the one you'd experience walking around TriBeCa ina  brown suit.  Where the lines are closest together is the channel where the Hudson River would flow. 

And the full map, one of three in the segment:

The Kraken, 1813

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 In the History of Real Monsters the Kraken occupies an elevated spot--that's what made me sit up a bit while browsing an issue of The Medical Repository of Original Essays and Intelligence Relative to Physic, Surgery, Chemistry and Natural History... for 1813. The "natural history" part comes well down the title page, but lurking their in the back of this slim volume, after articles on spotted fever, and the winter epidemic of 1812-1813, and the varia of medical and surgical correspondence, came this article on the Sepia Octopus.  This was a report sent in by the editor of the journal, Samuel Mitchill, on the sighting of the beast by a Captain Merry of the ship Niagra, sighting "A large lump" on the sea, and determining on closer inspection that it was a colossal polypus, 200'x30'.  There are many other sightings told, and then Mitchill gets down finally to identifying these creatures as the legendary Kraken (naming Pliny as an original source). 

I'd love to reproduce the article, but the pamphlet is fragile, and the pages were never separated at teh top.  I did however find an associated article from 1846 that addresses the idea of the Kraken  [The Eclectic Magazine: Foreign Literature, Volume 8, edited by John Holmes Agnew and Walter Hilliard Bidwell, May to August 1846]:

A View of the Future in the Depression--the Movies, 1932

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It is interesting that  a reporting agency like Poor's Industry Service would have such a provocative cover illustration when reporting on the not-so-good economic news of 1932.

Poor's presented the city of the future as the standard banner for their report on the motion picture industry.  The city is massive, a portrait of concrete masses, especially seen in the dam or terminal in the immediate background, and also in the assembly of conical buildings at rear right.  Very impressive, especially considering it was the fourth year of the Depression. 

Their report on the film industry was crisp and fairly bitter, carrying on about risky behavior and out-and-out mismanagement, leading most of the studios into loses and the industry in general to a plunge in composite net earnings and common dividends--a poor year.  In any even I was interested in the illustration, which seems an unlikely place to find such a severely International Style vision of the future.

And the full cover:

The Face of Defeat, Philippines, 1907

JF Ptak Science Books     [Continuing an earlier Post  #1398]

This is what defeat looks like, or at least so it did in the Philippines in 1907, when the revolt against the Spanish and the Americans was finally at end, for the insurgents. 

 Ablen Faustino (fl. 1880-1907), Philippine religious and resistance leader, was still fighting against the  American government seven years after the U.S. had claimed victory over the Spanish in the Philippines, and represented the last bit of Philippine resistance to American occupation and sovereignty.  There are many stories regarding his final disposition—some of which having the man escape into the woods to die an old man—but from the look of Faustino in this picture it seems as though he was going nowhere, except for a short walk into the heart of darkness that would swallow him just after the photo was taken. (The original photo is available on our blog bookstore site, here.)

On the one Faustino was a terrorist; on the other he was a patriot and holyman fighting for his country.  He had fought the Spanish occupiers in the 1880’s until he was captured and imprisoned.  After his release and following the American victory, he founded a religious/insurgent group—the Pulahans--whose ultimate religious experience was to defeat the invaders or die trying.  (From where I sit it seems as the requisite belief was death in battle for this struggle rather than the actual victory which was the benefit to the followers.) The Pulahans for the most part eschewed firearms and other “modern” weapons, launching themselves into battle with bolos, knives, and little else, hoping for hand-to-hand fighting.  It is reported that there were 10,000-15,000 of these troops, making them a formidable army,  frightening if you were one of the soldiers that they were going to attack.

 

 

 

These post-war Pulahan Wars lasted from 1902 to 1907, ending with their leader’s capture by Philippine Constabulary and the 8^th U.S. Infantry.One of the few official reports on Faustino’s capture was recorded in a legal document regarding jurisprudence in the arrest of the others who were with him that day.  In U.S. v. Espiridion Rota et al (found in the Supreme Court Reports of the Philippine Islands, volume IX, published in Manila in 1908), the unfortunate story of the application of law to the other five men is told, as is the mention of Faustino’s capture.  It turns out that when the others were taken into custody and the wheels of justice began to turn, they all pleaded guilty, and charged with the crime of brigandage.  Rota was sentenced to hanging and the others to imprisonment for 35 (+) years.  Plus court costs.  Their case was appealed because it was said the men had no idea what the guilty plea would get for them in the punishment phase; the Supreme Court upheld the conviction as well as the discipline, which was a little moot for Rota as he had already been hanged.

 What one might infer from this, I think, is that Faustino’s date with his punishment was probably met right there by the hut in which this photo was taken; that his destiny was sealed; and that rather than martyr a religious leader, the troops merely took the severely wounded  (and beaten?) man into the woods and disappeared him. 

According to the historical sites which have used the other two photos of mine of this event (all done freely and without attribution, unfortunately), these are the only known photos of Faustino’s last times. 

Another version of the capture of Faustino is less shining: