JF Ptak Science Books Quick Post
[Image of a "plague doctor" trying to protect himself from the disease with long robes and a mask.]
Pistoria is a town about 40km northwest of Florence, and was visited by plague a number of times between the 13th and 18th centuries. In this instance, below, in the plague season of 1347/8, the governance of the city issued a 23-point, nine-page proclamation, trying to protect the citizens from the vast threat that would cost the lives of a quarter of the residents of the town. The text of the document treated the matter of plague at all levels, from an attempt at scientific treatment to regulations about how a person could be allowed back into Pistoria after visiting a plague area.
"Pistoia was a provincial city of about 11,000 in the early fourteenth century located in the region of
Tuscany, less than thirty kilometers northwest of Florence. Its government was in the hands of a small executive council made up of the Anziani or Elders of the People and the Standardbearer of Justice. The chief administrative officers were the Captain of the People and the Podesta who served six-month terms. They
could not be Pistoian or even Tuscan. They were allowed limited social contact with Pistoians and their behavior was audited, or "syndicated" at the end of their terms of office. This allowed anyone who felt wronged by their actions to bring charges. The eight Anziani and the Standardbearer of Justice were citizens of the city selected by lot to serve two-month terms from among the citizens of the city who met age, professional and property qualifications. This small council debated all issues and made recommendations to a general
city council, the Council of the People which was required either to approve or reject proposals without amendment. As will be clear from the ordinances, there were virtually no issues which affected life in the city which the government could not debate."
The text is as follows:
In the name of Christ Amen.
Herein are written certain ordinances and provisions made and agreed upon by certain
wise men of the People of the city of Pistoia elected and commissioned by the
lords Anziani and the Standardbearer of Justice of the said city concerning the
preserving, strengthening and protecting the health of humans from various and
diverse pestilences which otherwise can befall the human body. And written by
me Simone Buonacorsi notary. . . in the year from the Nativity of the Lord
MCCCXLVIII, the first Indiction.
First. So that no contaminated matter which
presently persists in the areas surrounding the city of Pistoia can enter into
the bodies of the citizens of Pistoia, these wise men provided and ordered that
no citizen of Pistoia or dweller in the district or the county of Pistoia . . .
shall in any way dare or presume to go to Pisa or Lucca or to the county or
district of either. And that no one can or ought to come from either of them or
their districts ... to the said city of Pistoia or its district or county on penalty
of £ 50 ... And that gatekeeper of the city of Pistoia guarding the gates of
the said city shall not permit those coming or returning to the said city of
Pistoia from the said cities of Pisa or Lucca, their districts or counties to
enter the said gates on penalty of £ 10 ... It is licit, however, for citizens
now living in Pistoia to go to Pisa and Lucca, their districts and counties and
then return if they have first obtained a license from the Council of the
People ....
II. Item. The foresaid wise men provided and ordered
that no person whether citizen, inhabitant of the district or county of the
city of Pistoia or foreigner shall dare or presume in any way to bring ... to
the city of Pistoia, its district or county, any used cloth, either linen or woolen,
for use as clothing for men or women or for bedclothes on penalty of £ 200. ...
Citizens of Pistoia, its district and county returning to the city, district or
county will be allowed to bring with them the linen or woolen cloths they are
wearing and those for personal use carried in luggage or a small bundle
weighing 30 pounds or less. ... And if any quantity of cloth of the said type
or quality has been carried into the said city, county or district, the carrier
shall be held to and must remove and export it from the said city, county and
district within three days of the adoption of the present ordinance under the
foresaid penalty for each carrier or carriers and for each violation.
III. Item. They provided and ordered that the bodies
of the dead, after they had died, can not be nor ought to be removed from the
place in which they are found unless first such a body has been placed in a
wooden casket covered by a lid secured with nails, so that no stench can issue
forth from it; nor can it be covered except by a canopy, blanket or drape under
a penalty for £ 50 of pennies paid by the heirs of the dead person.... And also
that likewise such dead bodies of the dead must be carried to the grave only in
the said casket under the said penalty as has been said. And so that the
foresaid shall be noted by the rectors and officials of the city of Pistoia,
present and future rectors of the parishes of the city of Pistoia in whose
parish there is any dead person are held to and must themselves announce the
death and the district [of the city] in which the dead person lived to the
podesta and captain or others of the government of the said city. And they must
notify them of the name of the dead person and of the district in which the
dead person had lived or pay the said penalty for each contravention. And the
podesta and captain to whom such an announcement or notification has been made,
immediately are held to and must send one of their officials to the same
location to see and inquire if the contents of the present article and other
statutes and ordinances concerning funerals are being observed and to punish
anyone found culpable according to the said penalty.... And the foresaid shall
not be enforced nor is it extended to poor and miserable persons who are declared
to be poor and miserable according to the form of any statutes or ordinances of
the said city.
IV. Item. In order to avoid the foul stench which
the bodies of the dead give off they have provided and ordered that any ditch
in which a dead body is to be buried must be dug under ground to a depth of 2
1/2 braccia by the measure of the city of Pistoia.
V. Item. They have provided and ordered that no
person of whatever condition or status or authority shall dare or presume to
return or to carry to the city of Pistoia any dead body in or out of a casket
or in any manner on penalty of £ 25 of pennies paid by whoever carries, brings,
or orders [a body] to be carried or brought for each occasion. And that the
gatekeepers of the said city shall not permit such a body to be sent into the
said city on penalty of the foresaid fine by each gatekeeper at the gate
through which the said body was sent.
VI. Item. They have provided and ordered that any
person who will have come for the burial or to bury any dead person can not and
may not be in the presence of the body itself nor with the relatives of such a
dead person except for the procession to the church where it will be buried.
Nor shall such persons return to the house where the defunct person lived or
enter into that house or any other house on the said occasion on penalty of £
10
VII. Item. They have provided and ordered that when
anyone has died no person should dare or presume to present or to send any gift
before or after burial to the former dwelling place of such a dead person or
any other place on the said occasion or to attend or to go to a meal in that
house or place on the said occasion on penalty of £ 25.... Children, carnal
brothers and sisters, nieces and nephews of such a dead person and their
children, however, shall be expected [from this provision].
VIII. Item. They have provided and ordered that in
order to avoid useless or fruitless expenses no person should dare or presume
to dress in new clothing during the period of mourning for any dead person or during
the eight days after that, on penalty of £ 25 of pennies for whoever
contravenes [this] and for each time. Wives of such dead persons however, shall
be exempted; they can be dressed in whatever new clothing they wish without
penalty.
IX. Item. They have provided and ordered that no
paid mourner... shall dare or presume to mourn publicly or privately or to
invite other citizens of Pistoia to go to the funeral or to the dead person;
nor may anyone engage the foresaid mourner, hornplayer, cryer or drummer.
X. Item. So that the sounds of bells might not
depress the infirm nor fear arise in them [the Wise Men] have provided and
ordered that the bellringers or custodians in charge of the belltower of the
cathedral of Pistoia shall not permit any bell in the said campanile to be rung
for the funeral of the dead nor shall any person dare or presume to ring any of
these bells on the said occasion.... At the chapel or parish church of the said
dead person or at the friary if the person is to be buried at a church of the
friars, they can ring the bell of the chapel, parish church or the church of
the friars so long as it is rung only one time and moderately, on the foresaid
penalty in the foresaid manner [for each violation].
XI. Item. They have provided and ordered that no one
shall dare or presume to gather or cause to gather any persons for the purpose
of bringing any widow from the former habitation of a dead person, unless at
the time she is being returned from the church or cemetery where such a dead
person was buried. [Blood relatives] of such a widow, however, wishing to bring
the widow from the house at times other than at the time of burial may send up
to four women to accompany the said woman, who is to be brought from the
foresaid house of the dead person....
XII. Item. They have provided and ordered that no
person should dare or presume to raise or cause to be raised any wailing or
clamor over any person or because of any person who has died outside the city,
district or county of Pistoia; nor on the said occasion should any persons be
brought together in any place except blood relatives and associates of such a
dead person, nor on the said occasion should any bell be rung or caused to be
wrung, nor announcements be made through the city of Pistoia by mourners, nor on
the said occasion should any invitation [to join the mourners ] be made on a
penalty of £ 25.... It must be understood, however, in any written ordinances
speaking of the dead and of honoring the burial of the dead that the foresaid
shall not have force in the burial of the body of any soldiers of the militia,
doctors of laws, judges or physicians whose bodies, because of their dignity,
may be honored licitly at burial in a manner pleasing to their heirs.
XIV. Item. They have provided and ordered that butchers
and retail vendors of meat, individually and in common, can not, nor ought to
hold or maintain near a tavern or other place where they sell meats, or near a
shop or beside or behind a shop any stable, pen or any other thing which will
give off a putrid smell; nor can they slaughter meat animals nor hang them
after slaughter in any stable or other place in which there is any stench on a
penalty of £ 10.
XXII. Item. So that stench and putrefaction
shall not be harmful to men, henceforth tanning of hides can not and must not
be done within the walls of the city of Pistoia on penalty of £ 25....
XXIII. Item. For the observance of each and every
provision contained in the present articles and everything in the article
speaking of funerals of the dead, of butchers and retail vendors of meats, they
provided and ordered that the lord podestˆ and captain and their officials
charged pro tem with the foresaid [duties] shall and must proceed against,
investigate, and inquire. . . concerning acts contrary to the foresaid
[ordinances], and cause whatever of the foresaid ordained to be reviewed as
often as possible, and punish the guilty by the foresaid fines. . . . Also any
person may accuse or denounce before either the said podest or captain any
persons acting against the foresaid or any of the foresaid or the content of
the said statutes or ordinances. And such denunciations or accusers shall, can
and may have one fourth of the fine after it is levied and paid, which fourth
part the treasurer pro tem of the treasury of the said city shall be held to
and have to pay and give to the said accuser and informer as soon as the fine
and penalty have been paid. And sufficient proof shall be offered by one
witness worthy of belief, or four persons of good reputation who have learned
[of the contravention]. . . .
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