JF Ptak Science Books

1947 Anatomy of Womanly Desire–Aprons, Plastics and Meat

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1152  {Part of the History of Women series.]

Looking at just one week’s worth of advertising directed at women in America’s most popular magazine.

One of the great custodians of American popular desire in the 1940's and 1950's was Life magazine, a picture-heavy chronicle of social history and needs and dreams.  I enjoyed the issue of Life for 12 May 1947 because it had an article on the history of skirt lengths (something I wrote about earlier in this blog here), and looking at it a second time I realized that I had entirely missed the ad content that drove the magazine.  The poetry of expectation flavored by the ads directed at women were rive ting to me here in 2010, partially because of their narrow aim, and partially for the simple and simplistic urges that were addressed.


The basic messages were lace, timid street crossing, plastic conveniences, bendy girdles, smart shoes, refrigerator hope chests, instant coffee, machine made clothes by Singer, DuPont combs, artificial fabrics and diamond-centered bedroom window covers by Textron, “shoes to catch his eyes”,  various flavor secrets, baby insomnia aids (“to help your husband sleep”),  dreams of meat, and some other vaguely painful things.

The ad that first caught my attention was the life cycle of woman, seen above, picturing the grown woman in a petroleum-product apron  gleaming as she worked  her way through her Firestone-provided kitchen, emerging from babyhood to childhood to womanly-aprony-adulthood. 

And an impossible position for girdle wears to participate in the wearer’s girdle’s allowances, complete with fluttery Disney-esque birds:

The clustered desire over the another woman’s success in snagging a man’s interest because she could sew:


And just one of three ads exalting various refrigerators, though this one had a newly-minted bride inspecting a model that for all the world could’ve been her hope chest, though this version was filled with food and meat (and a whole hell of a lot of potatoes) and introduced by a version of herself in the next chunky-shoed decade:


There were ads for percale sheets, though the segment has a rather odd, vaguely proto-sensual feel to the thing (hardly I think what was intended in 1947).  It plays out a little better when the ad is rearranged in filmstrip style, reading top-to-bottom, rather than side to side:

 

 

Hm.

Not all of the womanly attention of the magazine was focused on girdles and bras and wedding meat--there was an article on Dorothy Shaver, the President of Lord & Taylor, America's "No. 1 Career Woman".  She made $110,000 a year  and was widely successful, but still  "carried a lace handkerchief and cross(ed) streets timidly", and lived with her younger sister--in an earlier time Life tells us that Ms. Shaver would simply be called a "spinster", "but now she is called a career woman".  There was no change in the description or definition of a "spinster" or a "career woman"--they just changed the name, the result being the same, even in describing the first American woman to ever lead a multi-million-dollar international business.  (This in spite of the fact that there were plenty of working women at the time who were married and had families, no to mention the fact that we had just finished a war during which a  near-majority of women were in the workplace.  None of that seems to have come into play here in 1947, when those same war-working women were summarily replaced and sent packing, and the careerist was defined for one and all to be a spinster.)

I am sure that I will be called to task one day i n the not-too-distant future by my daughters, asking what it  was, exactly, that people were thinking in the year 2000 in regards to women–so strange to them in their version of looking back on their equivalent of my 1947 Life magazine, a version in which I actually lived.

In any event, these ads weren't necessarily what women wanted, of course--they were what advertisers wanted women to want. 

Prescience of a 1953 TV Ad: the Speed of Isolation, and the Post-Forgetting Future

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1151 [Part of our History of the Future series]

The History of the Speed of Things is an interesting category for a history of odd things: the speed of exploration, of curing someone with a gallbladder problem, of flashing across the White Sands desert in a rocket car, of the pulse of a human neuron, of the time it takes to go from 10 microns to 1000000 microns, of how long it takes to get to Tybee Island from Asheville North Carolina, of insurance information to tall ships coming over the horizon, of gravity, of light, of computing a billion place of pi, of calculating where to aim your anti aircraft guns at the incoming Luftwaffe, of diving to the greatest depth in a submarine, of running 100 metres, of a drop of mercury falling 1/1000 of an inch, of the speed of nightfall on the Moon, and so forth. 

                                                                                                                                                             
The Speed of Things’ subcategory is the History of Speed of Knowing Things, with its interesting and proportional  subcategory of the The History of the Speed of Forgetting Things, both of which are associated with the point of today’s post, which was the sneak-peak of the future offered in a series of ads in Life magazine in 1953.  The full-page ads were formatted by Sparton Television Company to grab the attention of even the laziest semi-monied reader of the magazine, selling the promise of entertainment at home.  The cost for admission for this product was fairly luxurious and a little extreme once you translate the $400 entrance fee into its percentage of the average monthly salary (which was about equal) or of a new (general) Ford (about 25%) or of the average monthly rent (125%). The television as something to be reckoned with.              

There’s something more to the ads that the designers and readers couldn’t have known at the time, though.  In the ads, the tvs are shown replacing the action that it is supposed to be transmitting–it has become the thing itself, a passive replacement to an action.  Rather than watch a baseball player at bat swinging at a pitch, we see a television with a batter in it, moving just as the pitcher is moving,.  The barcolounger in the ring of the prizefight is presented with the fight on a tv in the opposite corner, and the football players have been replaced by a black-and-white image on a television tube on a field of green. 

The message then of course was that television was putting you into the scene, that the viewer was part of the action and not just a casual observer.  I guess.  Sitting here in 2010 though the ads seem to play to a greater truth, and might be more prescient for the coming future than the original advertisers could’ve possibly imagined.  All throughout the history of communication, I am certain that there was a  percentage of the population that viewed the newest invention as  not necessary and an affront to privacy and free time, of more deeply removing a person from the act of communicating–the semaphore, telegraph, telephone, wireless, airmail, overseas calls, email, bluetooth, twitter, and so on all presented this similar problem.  Just as these improvements were adding to the flow of information, they were also isolating the recipient from the sender.  The more access to info and data, the more it was accessed; the more access, the more time spent accessing; the more time spent accessing, the more time theoretically spent responding. And so on ‘tll you get to the so-called modern time, when there is data presented to us all of the time, inescapable info flows, gargantuan landslides of numbers and images and words and fluff, available at all times, and almost at all places.  The technology making it possible for people to more freely communicate is, in a way, replacing the person, allowing communication nodes to have a human interface connecting them.

Now this might be a little extreme, at least for the present.  I’ve little doubt that some people feel as though they are simply connecting word threads to other word threads and passing it along, seeming as though the are piecing together the floating bits in an enormous flood of floating bits.  As my wife Patti Digh quotes the Buddha in her book Life is a Verb, “What is the appropriate behavior for a man or a woman in the midst of this world, where each person is clinging to his piece of debris? What's the proper salutation between people as they pass each other in this flood?”

I’m guessing that people would be uploading pictures of themselves googling the question, or receiving an image of someone in front of them, waving to them, as they are swept along in the flood waters.

These pictures from Life tell the coming story, and I think can remind us that as foreign as they might seem then, and as uncomfortably true that they might seem to some now, that they could very well seem painfully/obviously true at some near point in the future.  The computer for all intents and purposes is only 65 years old; home computing is three decades old; the internet, two.  The changes brought on by all of this were almost invisible 25 years ago.  The coming of the future in regards to communication, even a future that is only 25 years from now,  may very well wind up being as difficult to see from 2010 as it was to see our year in 1985. 

I wonder if in the future we’ll have to pay for silence, pay to be relieved of data, pay for relief from advertisements from a flood of products and services that we don’t ad will never actually “need”, pay for time for the silence to actually think?  When people are smoking and talking on a cell while riding a bike or texting while plasticizing their dog’s environmental offerings, when is it exactly that there will be quiet moments for extended thinking?   Where will our consumption of information be in 25 years from now, or 50? It is only too bad that the process of consuming info didn’t lead to some sort of generation of energy, like tidal power, because at least then there would be one certain positive outcome of data access. 

And I know that accessing things will be much smarter even in the near-future than it is now, Google searches will look as quaint four-digit phone numbers.  But still there is the data, and at that point the data will be more pertinent, which means there will be more of it to spend more time on.  Its a Catch-22--we'll waste less time, probably, on what we weren't looking for, which means we'll have more time to look at more things that we were looking for, except that there will be too much of it, and there won't be enough time to read all of that, let alone to give it some thought.

 In all of this, the thing that might take more time to deal with than actual thinking might be the process of forgetting.  Perhaps in the deeper future we'll just be born with all of this information, or have instant access to it, and then in that future where there is no forgetting we'll just have to imagine that we're imagining quiet time. 

TV and Liquor, the Modern Colossuses--Visualizing the New SuperSize for the Masses

JF Ptak Science Books  1150

Rabelais’ Gargantua and Pantagruel, Hobbes’ Leviathan, the Buddha at Yungang (Shanxi) and Melville’s whale were all pushed to their competitive monsterous edges in the 1950's, when you were more likely to think of The Bomb and creeping Communism before thinking back to any of these great representations.  And it is also my general impression, having been paging through Life magazine for the 1950's, that there are some other major, lesser heralds of gigantism, especially if you paid attention only to the advertisements. There were 1950's colossal characters who were pale imitators of their earlier counterparts–the Amazing Colossal Man and Colossal Woman being two minor mirrors of older ideas--but they hardly contained the colossal ideas that were resident in the earlier creations. (Perhaps part of that is due to having just witnessed the demise of two enoromities in Hitler  Stalin.)

The new Pantegruels seem to have been television (completely victimizing and nearly eradicating radio in its day), giant cars, liquor, cigarettes, breasts, and, television, followed by television.  There was also the movies, with films filmed in super-spectro-pano-fabulism; and of course there were the computers (the 1943 machine at Bletchley Park was actually called the “Colossus” with Mark 1 and Mark 2 varieties, which were actually less colossal than the other period  colossi such as the Harvard Mark I/IBM ASCC and ENIAC), which just now turning the corner on “big” and getting faster/smaller/more powerful, and also fulfilling the “Giant Brains” dream.

I’m not sure, but it feels right to say that there is a direct correlation to things getting both bigger and smaller as things got faster.

Anyway the new Colossuses/Colossi  were hardly as attractive and had virtually no literary value compared with their earlier Rabelaisical counterparts or the giant 4th century BCE statue bearing that name in the harbor at Rhodes.  It is certainly true that the big things that were imagined in the 20th century were beyond any conception of “big” in the Western Canon of Big.  (There are certainly great big things in other cultures, say, in India for examples, where there are entities and numbers so vast that there was nothing to compare them with in the West.  But that’s another story.)

 

And of course joining the gigantic cultures of guns and booze:

Women--Muzzle Her, Mask Her and Turn Her into a Cigarette. 1953 Ads

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1149

Three ads disappearing women-- first with a muzzle, then with a full head mask, and then there's nothing left but legs--part of this blog's History of Women series.

There's nothing quite like objectifying women than objectifying them, making their objectification so wide and gross and visible that it is almost impossible to imagine that it was done--but, then, there it is.   And that's part of what we see as standard operating procedure here in these ads in Life magazine for a four week period in 1953,   I started out on this foray looking for an article about US aid to Vietnam, but kept bumping into these advertisements.  The images today have certainly changed and have become more subtle, but the message is still the same. 

The first series
 

  

is so odd; I'm not so sure why the dog was barking to muzzle the woman--she has hardly said anything...but perhaps that's the entire message.  There there's this approach:

keeping a beautiful, manicured and jeweled body while getting rid of the face and head and personality.

And then

Old Gold makes a final assault on womanhood, replacing her upper half with another oral fixation, keeping the booted lower half for whatever.  I think that there was a refrigerator with high heels in that year, somewhere, but I can't find it.

Ennui and Renaissance Surgical Tools

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1147

        "Jeopardy is jejune now: naïve knight
        finds ogres out-of-date and dragons unheard
        of, while blasé princesses indict
        tilts at terror as downright absurd."    –“Ennui”, by Sylvia Plath

       “Ennui is the poetic state that occurs just before depression.” made-up Twain quote, seconded by a  made-up  Bierce definition, “Ennui.  Depression without the imagination.”

Ennui seems to have always been in the possession of those who could afford possessions–the laboring classes could only be affected with derangements and sloppiness and laziness, but the wealthy among the people of the earth could have ennui. They could afford to.  And it seems to me that in my own walk-through in the history of illustration–especially relating to the sciences–that those most often depicted with ennui were saints and doctors, two generally mutually-excluding classes.  I’m not so sure why this is the case for the doctor, or surgeon, or barber,  or sawbones–it was not a pretty jog in the centuries leading up to our own.  [Pictured here is a physician with things on/not on his mind, from Andrew Borde's The Breuiary of Healthe, for all maner of syknesses and diseases..." from 1556, and which turns out to be one of teh first modern books on hygiene.]The working  conditions were exceptionally difficult (in general), the treatments were blood-under-the-nails barbaric, and the survival rate for those under your care was poor. Perhaps it was the tools? They were’nt very glamorous things, either–nor were

 
they necessarily clean. [Image of from Vesalius'  De humani corporus fabrica . 1543, ("On the Fabric of the Human Body"/"On the Construction of the Human Body").  I prefer "fabric" because of Vesalius' superb re-discovery of muscle...]  Urgent cleanliness in the surgical amphitheater wouldn’t come along until Sir Joseph Lister in the mid-19th century; so working as a surgeon in a bad hospital with rudimentary tools in bad working conditions and little light could not for a happy existence make.


[The differences between the two engravings above seem to our modern eye to be quite minute; but for the 160 or so years between the two publication dates, the advancements were considerable, given the time.  This second image is a display of midwifery tools and instruments, which I guess wouldn't make anyone today feel very comfortable--surviving childbirth for the woman was still a substantial issue, though less so than it had been in the first half of the 16th century. Image: Pierre Dionis, Traite Generale des Accouchements...Paris, 1718.]

And yet imping his way through all of this is Vesalius¹, who managed to accomplish accumulate mounds and piles of good data, organize and interpret it and then have the whole thing illustrated (with 200 of some of the greatest anatomical images ever made) and published all before he was 29 years old.  Perhaps he wasn’t as susceptible to be provoked or drawn into ennui as most professionals of the time, being such a genius and coming from such a royal medical lineage² as he. Or perhaps he was able to avoid the ennui that came with the brains and the genes.  Ennui didn’t seem a part of this physician’s makeup, even though he was deeply in debt and a man slightly out of place. Maybe he didn’t have time to develop ennui, as he was an extraordinarily busy man who was dead at 50. 

So, judging by the looks of things on the surgeon’s table, and imagining the stuff that needed fixing and the objects to fix it with, perhaps the physician was led down a path of slowly not being able to do anything...at....all.  Ground to a nub, a stop, a chin-in-hand moment.  Or not.                           
______________
Notes:

1. Vesalius’ revolutionary treatise on anatomy–which stressed anatomy in relation to physiology–was a clear break with the Galenic tradition, and was one of the first of the modern works on the subject. His book was published the same year as Copernicus’ masterpiece. 

2. Vesalius’ great-grandfather, grandfather and father were professors of medicine, the last two being the Royal Physician and apothecary to Emperor Maximillian

A History of Blank, Empty and Missing Things: the Importance of Nothing

JF Ptak  Science Books  Post 1145

{This is one in a longish series on the the History of Blank, Empty and Missing Things]

There is importance and elegance, grace, necessity in nothingness.  That nothing happens is exceptionally important in almost all areas:  the meaning of silences between notes and longer pauses in musical compositions, the essential aspect of timing in a comedic routine, the special place that one goes in meditation, the distinction of wide margins in a beautifully designed book (magic that hasn't been remotely approached by Kindle & Co., though it said that they have their own hidden beauties), and sometimes just the place where ideas are born.  The places for the beauty of nothing are endless.

The use of nothingness in art compositions an designs is of course essential--it is sometimes just a little odd to think of it as its own special, spatial element, as its own force of creation or design. 

Take for example this beautiful use of not filling up space by Louis Jean Pierre Vielliot in his 1805 work on natural history:

It would be so easy to crop out these gorgeous margins, and so kill the power of this image--you're left with the main ingredient of the effort, but without its necessity, or power.

And of course there's sometimes everything in nothing, seen here, with the universe in the hands of the Primum Mobile, (one image among 50 in a series known as the Mantegna Tarocchi, drawn and engraved by artists unknown ca. 1465, though it was once believed to be the  work of the great master Andrea Mantegna (and later the possible work of Bacci Baldini)). From my reading of this image, the universe is held  in the hands of the primum mobile, a spherical container of not-quite-nothing, waiting for the creator to breathe life into it.  The possibility of absolutely nothing was seen as an impossibility, a perfect vacuum, a space of certain nothingness, was a violation of theological belief.  That the sphere existed was a proof that–in the 15th century–you simply couldn’t have a container of nothingness. The very presence of the sphere confirming that there was something being contained by it.

Here's an excellent example of the use of nothing as a design force (from Berengario da Carpi's Commentaria siper Anatomia Mundini, published in Bologna in 1521), where we see what is basically the same exact dissection, except for changes in the internal shading and of course the lightning bolt background.  The simpler design is by far the superior.

It does take some confidence and courage sometimes to use big wide swaths of white, using complementary nothingness--and that's a good thing.  Sometimes too much "something" isn't nearly as useful or important as a little bit of "nothing".

Unintentionally Modern Art: Found Dadaist, Abstract Images

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1144

I’ve written several posts here about unrecognized unintentionally unrevolutionary unmodern art on this blog, bits of works on color theory or design or architecture or medicine where the resulting imaging looks very much like a piece of abstract or Dadaist or nonrepresntational art–only decades or centuries too early.  This is an admittedly long-term project, backed-filled with intermittent finds. That’s just necessarily so–I just add this bits as I find them, and, hopefully, at the end of the road, there’ll be hundreds of nice examples.

Today’s entries include one image from a design book and two from mid-18th century works on electricity:

This image comes fro, Denham Ross' A Theory of Pure Design, Harmony Balance, Rhythm. published by Houghton Mifflin in 1907

 

And from Jacob Waitz's Abhandlung von der Elektricitat...(printed in 1745)

 

And from Wilhelm van Barneveld's Medizinische Elektrizitat (1787)

Which is a detail from the following engraving:

Comfortable Bones, the Skeletons of Adam and Eve--Dissecting a Dissecting Theatre Print, 1616

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1143

"You can have it all, my Empire of Dirt"--Mr. Cash  "We are but dust and shadow"--Mr. Horace

Can there be anything more comforting than for a believer to see the skeletons of Adam and Eve, the proof of the origins of all anxiety?  Probably not.  But their skeletons displayed in this engraving by WiIllem Swanenburgh (after

 the painting by J.C. Woudanus) published in 1616 were recognized as pure iconographic ornament.  They decorated the last layer of the dissecting laboratory/pit, an immortal reminder of mortality--perhaps aggressively so, since people were there to watch other people take apart humans and animals and such, which would seem to be a nice reminder of the Big Sleep that awaits all. But no matter, they wer there, Eve with apple, Adam with spade (?), the tree with the forbidden fruit flourishing still around all of the bones, the snake surviving as well.

Visitors to the dissecting amphitheatre here in Leiden were treated to a bone museum during the days in which the place was not being used for its main purpose, though we do see here that a cadaver is being semi-privately displayed, a burgher taking a reticent look (cloth held between thumb and index finger?) while the compatriot takes cover behind him. 

There are plenty of other onlookers to this scene, though most of them are dead,.  It doesn't prevent them from holding up sings/banners with messages for the living, though.  

 
"Pulvis et umbra sumus" ("we are but dust and shadow", Horace) hangs just above the head of the man who looks as though he might be anxiously fiddling with a mole.

The tools of the trade hang in an auspicious place, attracting only the attention of two horse skeletons.--scalpels, scissors, maws, a crowbar, a big backsaw-like device, and of course two giant syringes for drawing out "fluids".

 

Lastly, I couldn't tell what the people were doing in the far right bottom corner until I magnified the image a bit--the man is holding the entire envelope of skin of a human, flayed in one piece.  What is it that they're saying?  What does one say when offered an armful of skin?  The image of whole-body flayed skin isn't terribly uncommon in 16th and 17th century anatomy books--except that they're usually being held by the disectee, and not by a living/walking/talking person. 

The Mess in the Message: Propaganda in Textbooks and the Control of Intelligence (with Examples from the Confederacy)

JF Ptak Science Books   [A note on an idea for a future post.]

Like my father before me, I grew up playing Cowboys and Indians.  In many respects, that game was probably not all that far removed from the history that we learned in our school textbooks.  Growing up in a myth and reading about other myths, its hard to disassociate yourself from the power of those words.

I was thinking about this earlier, finishing a post on 19th century American occupational alphabets, and thinking of the ways in which certain classes and types of people are represented–stereotypes, radical misstatement of the truth, and outright lies were sometimes included, and as they were being used to help a young child learn the alpha-beta, they also formed the core, a foundation, of a belief system simply through association and repetition–a twisted mess that very well might have taken decades to unravel.

In that light, I’d really like to see a history of propagandistic history as taught in American schools–that’s where early battles are fought, that’s where the power of words gain strength, and that’s where the basis of all future histories that threaten those introductory lessons come to a point of contention, if not conflict.  The power of language finds its way into the young vocabulary, and has a hard time being removed.           

Someone wrote a book about everything that they ever needed to learn was learned by kindergarten.  That sort of education cuts both ways.

Whether it is an assault on the integrity of the biological sciences and general logic for textbooks to include “alternative” in the teaching of the formation of species and the world, or representing geological time that began in impossibly late stages in the development of the Earth and the Solar System, or glorifying the presidency of Ronald Reagan, it is the control of language that leads to the control of thought, and it is on textbooks that many of these battles are currently being fought.  And have been fought. 

If I had access, I would love to look at the following books, their titles suggesting a frontal assault on remedial and basic ideas of communication re-fitted to the place and time and people--language and definitions reconsidered to serve the purposes of  a new user group.  I've chosen these titles simply because of their titles, and also because I'm in the South. (And partially too because my wife's great-great grandfather and three associated relatives fought in the Cause, against the Union, and that is part of their history.)

And so the books that I'd like to see:

Richard McAllister Smith unleashed quite a torrent over a few years:  The Confederate First Reader: Containing Selections in Prose and Poetry, as Reading Exercises for the Younger Children in the Schools and Families of the Confederate States (Richmond 1864) followed by The Confederate Primer (1863) and The Confederate Rhyming Primer [Or, First Lessons Made Easy. Designed as an Introduction to the Confederate Spelling Book] (Richmond:
1863) and The Confederate Spelling Book, with Reading Lessons for the Young, Adapted to the Use of Schools or for Private Instruction. (Richmond 1863).

Leverett, Charles Edward. The Southern Confederacy Arithmetic. By S. Lander, A. M.. Augusta: J. T. Paterson and Co., 1864.

There was also the very concerted effort by Mrs. Marinda Branson Moore, including The Dixie Speller. To Follow the First Dixie Reader, ( Raleigh: Branson and Farrar, 1864), The First Dixie Reader; Designed to Follow the Dixie Prime (Raleigh: Branson, Farrar and Co., 1863), followed by her The Geographical Reader, for the Dixie Children.(Raleigh: Branson, Farrar and Co., 1863), and her  Primary Geography, Arranged as a Reading Book for Common Schools, with Questions and Answers Attached (Raleigh: Branson and Farrar, 1864). 
                                   
Robert Fleming managed to really mix it up, and also to get all of it into the title of his book  The Elementary Spelling Book, Revised and Adapted to the Youth of the Southern Confederacy, Interspersed with Bible Readings on Domestic Slavery. (Atlanta: Franklin Steam Printing House, 1863.)

Lemuel Johnson’s. An Elementary Arithmetic, Designed for Beginners: Embracing the First Principles of the Science. By L. Johnson. A. M., Professor of Mathematics at Trinity College (Raleigh: Branson and Farrar) published 1864

The First X-Ray of an Atomic Explosion Inside of a Person (1964)

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1140

I don't know why, but I cannot remember ever having seen an x-ray of an atomic explosion taking place inside of a person, before today.  I guess that Superboy's body is susceptible to x-rays but is also at the same exact time capable of preventing a nuclear explosion from escaping his body--all except for the "nuclear fire" coming from his mouth.Now that's some sort of body control! The men in white seem pretty confident, being so close to the Trinity-like action and all.

Superboy evidently needs fewer ribs than humans, and it looks like the detonation point is right on the transpyloric plane, taking out kidney, liver, gall bladder and just about everything else.  And his spine doesn't show up, either--along with a lot of other innards.

 

The original (published in September 1964) comes from the Oak Ridge Associated Universities, and they point out that this issue comes right after the signing of in-air nuclear weapons testing ban (after a speech by JFK in June 1963, marked by a memorial that was about 10 feet away from where I used to practice the shot put in D.C.)

Radioactive Suppository Sex Aids & Radium Toothpaste: Shining Lethal Nonsense

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1139

“Radium was what was bad and worse
a shiney and shining curse,
till we stuck uranium in there,
to make me have my 'splodin’ hair...”--Lyrics to the nonexistent song “Satan’s Tooth in Me”, (1946),  by Blending “Loose Tooth” Bender

If this was 15 May 1915, we could all be attending the Illinois State Medical Society's annual meeting at the Masonic Temple in Springfield, Illinois.And if we went to booth 18, we could've bought some fine, newish radium-based products that would be enjoyed drinking or bathing in.  And all for the cause of human progress, the radium-based nonsense promised cures for all sorts of ills:  rheumatism, dandruff, dull teeth, gout, sexual problems, general malaise, and on and on. 

 

The exceptionally important discovery by the Curies was made 17 years before this event, with the medically-unknown problems of radium waiting in the wings for another decade or so after this.  In the meantime, there were many companies that took advantage of the unknown qualities of radium (as happened with the use of X-Rays for all sorts of quack applications) using it as a shining addition to dozens of products.

Many of these companies employed the real stuff, affecting thousands of people, radium-based cure-alls being ingested, injected, applied and bathed-in. For example, there were numerous companies distributing 'radium water" (such as "Radithor" by William J.A. Bailey's company), radium suppositories ("in a cocoa butter base"), toothpaste ("Doramad", distributed by Doramad Radioaktive Zohncreme during WWII, to Germans), cosmetics ("Tho-Radia"), and many different varieties of radium-enriched healing belts (to be worn or slept on).  There were plenty of other products that used the "radium" name but didn't actually use the substance itself, further selling the idea of its usefulness on the individual level.  There was radium beer, nail clippers, starch, cigars, polish, headache tablets, razor blades, butter and of course, condoms.

 Perhaps the most famous case of misguided application of radium was in the case of the radium dial painting women, more than 1200 employed by four companies¹ during the 'teens and 'twenties (and some later) to apply radium-laced paint to make watch face/dials luminous in the dark.  It wasn't necessarily the radium in the paint that got to so many of these women and killed them--it was the fact that they would generally put their paint brushes on the tips of their tongues to get a better painting point with the camel hairs.  Ingesting the radium paint like that was

[Image: Oak Ridge Associated Universities, radium dial painters, ca. 1920.]

the killer.  The manufacturers said, basically, that they "tried" to discourage this behavior, but there was nothing that they could do about it, and so the brush-to-mouth to cancer/necrosis continued until people started dying.  It was then that the whole connection between radium and cancer was discovered.  Of course some of this continued into the 'forties and 'fifties, with "safeguards" in place, but, well, something else just needed to be done.  

I guess that the point of telling this story is that we can shake our heads at this sort of behavior now, but it is assured that entire populations will be shaking their quizzed-up collective noggins with what we practice now (that is deemed to be "safe" or "appropriate"), and all in just a few short decades.  This is always the case.  Its just hard, sometimes, to identify what these practices are while they're happening, and then have the willingness to do something about it. 

Notes

1. The four main companies included Radium Dial Company (with 213 such workers), Waterbury Clock (with 404), US Radium Company (with 73), and Luminous Processes (with 608).

History of Blank and Missing Things: Who is Albert Einstein?

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1137

[Part of the History of Blank, Empty and Missing Things series.]

There was a time when this was a real question, even though the subject of that question was in the process of changing physics. One of the most enigmatic strings of 12 words and numerals in the history of science, “Bern, June, 1905" appeared at the end of Albert Einstein’s special relativity paper, setting the question in motion..

This difficult publication–one of the most revolutionary in the history of physics–was written by a mystery man.  Its author was basically unknown–when readers tried to find Einstein, they went to the universities in Bern, naturally, but of course didn’t find him there.  No one would have guessed that he was a patent office grunt, one window at work to call his own.  There were no clues in the paper about the other, not really–not even a footnote.  An invisible man was changing the face of physics. 

1905 was, well, “busy” for Einstein.  Perhaps no one person has ever had a year like this, in any discipline. His four papers delivered during this time was nothing short of miraculous.  To start,  Einstein turned 26 on 14 March, and sent his magnificent  photoelectricity paper¹ to the Annalen der Physik  three days later.  At the end of April, Einstein sent in his doctoral dissertation to the University of Zurich² (the paper accepted and approved in July  and degree formally awarded on 15 January 1906). A few weeks later (a) his son Hans Albert celebrated his first birthday and (b)he got his big idea on the special theory.  Also in this same extraordinary month of May he sent the Annalen his Brownian Motion paper³, and then, a little more than a month later, Einstein sent his SRT ⁴ paper in to the same Annalen, and saw it published 26 September.

As Einstein’s great paper awaited publication he returned from a short vacation with his family and sent in his (a)  dissertation (on 19 August, and which is published in February 1906) and (b) his mass-energy equivalence paper⁵ (E=mc2). I can think of no other time for any other scientist in the history of the sciences who had so much fabulous stuff up in the air at the same time. Impossible, really.  And then, after most of the papers are published and appeared in the orange-wrappered physical journal Annalen der Physik, Einstein got a part-time job tutoring a student.

At the end of 1905 Einstein was becoming less Blank, but considering the power of his publications, I can’t think of anyone of equal power who was unequally unknown. 
   
Notes   

1. “On a Heuristic Point of View concerning the Production and Transformation of Light.” published June 9.
2. “A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions.” (Published in 1906.)
3. “On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat.” published July 18.
4. “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies.” Received June 30, published 26 September.
5. “Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon Its Energy Content?”

Center of Attention--a Map of Women's Visual Exploration of Men (1941)

JF Ptak Science Books Post 1136

The eye leads the brain, or the brain leads the eye, and from there, who knows where anything goes, especially when involved with a qualitative survey of a complex entity. This is more-or-less what we are dealing with here, in this image below, found on page 74 of a 1941 issue of Life magazine. (It is related in some way to an earlier post on this blog, a post called "The Center of Levity.."¹ , though perhaps not really.)  It is hardly a map of the macrocosmos incised with Pythagorean precision on the body of man², nor an astrological  or Kabalistic or Vitruvian perspective representation of humanity.  It is just a 1940's  eye-trail map of where women looked at a man, a non-mathematical treatment of vague interest.

It turns out that the seduction of a man's body to a woman's gaze--as difficult as that might seem from this photo--is fairly measurable, and was so even in the 1940's, when the researcher Herman F. Brandt (Drake University, Iowa) produced this image.  And what it is, basically, is a map of where women looked when their eyes were tracked as they looked at this man.  Brandt had a long career investigating ocular fixation, and (I think) developed a camera that would track the reflection of beams of light on the corneas of his subjects, recording eye movement in horizontal and vertical planes, as they drank in this fine figure of manhood.  In any event his research was of interest to a wide variety of people, from neurologists to fashion designers--I've got no idea of how that interest was manifested, or if it turned out to be valuable information.  I do know that the Brandt work utilized by Marshall Field & Co. did produce a remarkable photograph open to all sorts of interpretation.   Visual stimulus point #19 was left uninterpreted and unmentioned, though the great majority of visual hits was above the waist, and above the neck.

Notes:

1. One of the images from the Center of Levity post:

2. For example, this classic from Agrippa von Nettesheim, De Occulta Philosophia (1533):

Christmas Gift Porn: Reagan, Santa, Cigarettes and (Lots) of Booze. Giving Ideas, 1954

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1135

Some time ago I wrote a post here on the images displayed in tvs in television ads from the 1950's as small windows into societal attractions and expectations.  My thinking was that the exploding television industry would try to lure buyers with the seductive promises of these pictures, that seeing them displayed would entice  people to buy the televisions so that they could see them at home.  Or perhaps not–perhaps they were only placeholders so that the screen wouldn’t be dark and blank, though I feel otherwise.  The selection of these images tells us a tiny bit of something about the working person’s dreams–I admit it’s a slippery slope and not a blunt diagnostic tool, but it is interesting.

So too with Christmas advertising.  Looking for something else in a volume of LIFE magazine for 1954 (an article on workers using irradiated paint to apply highlights to glow-in-the-dark wristwatches) I was struck by the goods being advertised for Christmas gift-giving. Pro-phyl-Ac-Tic Brush Company was selling brushes, and Santa was pushing Playtex pillows and Hoover vacuums and irons and MEAT and waffle makers.        

And then there was the automatic lit-cigarette dispenser for the automobile.  Push a button–out rolls a burning ciggie.  The heated air and the rolled-up windows must’ve made for an extra-pleasurable experience for the girl sitting next to daddy.
 
But it was the pictures of Santa selling cigarettes as Christmas gifts that got me–again (this story on the worst Christmas advertisements appeared earlier in this blog).  There were bunches of Santas selling smokes, including one de-bearded impostor selling Fatima cigarettes.  There were bunches of other folks, too, trading in on the smoking bit–they were excitedly opening wrapped/ribboned gifts of boxes of smokes, or hanging packs on the tree, or kissers kissing with boxes of newly-gifted smokes in their hands behind their lover’s neck.  And of course there was Ronald Reagan, who 26 years later would sell his flat forehead and broad grin to the American people as presidential lumber. (He seems to be writing on the carton in this picture.)

 

And we’re not just talking Camels here.  In four issues of LIFE prior to Christmas 1954, the following cigarettes were advertised in full-page placements, looming suggestions for expressions of a “smokey” (which would later read “coughy/spitting/deady” for many of the buyers and receivers) love: Old Gold, Lucky Strikes, Fatima, Camel, Pall Mall and Chesterfields; also included were Robert Burns and White Owl cigars, plus Keywood pipes.  More often than not, each one of these products was featured in each of these four issues of LIFE. 

Booze was featured very prominently as well, more so, really, than the cigs.  The ads included: Schlitz, Seagrams, Arrow Brady, Fleischman’s Gin, Haig and Haig, Old Forester, Paul Jones Whiskey, Sunny Brook Whiskey, Heublein Whisky, Seagrams Whiskey, Gilbey, Calvert, Medly, Black and White, Old Grand Dad, Pabst, Schenley, Four Roses, and Coronet.    

LIFE was running about 175 pages per weekly issue at the time, so the full page ads for cigarettes and alcohol were actually eating up a bit of total display space per issue.

What about the “regular” stuff?  There were surprisingly few toys, and so far as I can tell only two big ads for Schwinn bicycles. The 3/4-page/full page ads featured Whtiman Chocolates, toasters, light bulbs, cologne, televisions, Samsonite luggage, NUCOR oleomargarine, fountain pens, Zipo lighters, razors, meat, Van Heusen shirt, socks, lingerie, Green Giant peas, Coke, A & P coffee, refrigerators, pillows, Kodak cameras, cedar chests, washing machines, irons (“to show her you love her”), waffle irons, Hoover vacuums (“to show her you care”), and a couple of ads for Plymouths and Fords.

So. Pretty utilitarian stuff, overall: buy mother chocolate, margarine, a lady razor, green peas, meat, coffee, pillows, lingerie, washing machine, and an iron; maybe a refrigerator if you had the extra cash, and an assortment of oils and perfumes for later on, when she was not working.  Dad gets cologne, a tv, fountain pens, a shirt, a tie, a high-beam spotlight for the Ford, simonize, some socks, and maybe a car for the family.  There was a two-page, double-page spread for kids’ toys, all o fit wrapped up in to display, showing 40 or so things from Santa, but in general the images for goods for children was very slim. Maybe everyone just knew to go to the toy store, or Macy’s toy department, or Gimbel’s, or Wanamaker’s. But at least for this year, in this magazine, the ads for children were very slim.

What does all of this say?  Was there little money for working class fancies for Christmas in 1954?   I guess this all depends upon what you compare it to–slated against ads from the 1902's, the selection looks pretty good; against the turn-of-the-century, better yet.  I’m not sure how early “Christmas advertising” gets,. But I have a feeling that it doesn’t precede Thomas Nast’s Santa by very much at all–seems to me that by 1954, real advertising for Christmas was only a couple of decades old; overall, it seems that advertising Christmas purchases is a definite 20th century invention.

That said, all of this looks like a nearly-null set compared to now, when seemingly everything and anything can be purchased at any time, especially around the Holiday season.  I wonder how this sort of consumerism can be maintained?  There’s always a fallout in super-saturated solutions, and it seems that we must be near that point.  Then again, the folks in 1954 might’ve been saying the same exact thing. 

 

History of Dots Series--International Dot Day, September 15, 2010

In celebration of the children's book author Peter H. Reynolds (the storyteller responsible for the great The Dot and Ish books, among others) I offer up here a link to my own series of posts on The History of Dots. There's three or more dozen of them by now, forming a background to the story of dots, periods and points in mathematics, physics, chemistry, art and social history:  there are posts on the the ends of a geometrical line,  the homunucleus, bacterial and cellular dot events, mole maps, a dot as the picture of the speed of light, pointilism, half-tones, televisions, stars, the great confrontation of dots and spheres in the multi-dimensional fights of Edwin Abbott's Flatland, and a bunch more.

There of course there is the History of Holes series, but that is another matter...