JF Ptak Science Books

The Poetics of STDs and the Mountain of Truth; a Rollicking Good Time in 1545

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 348

The progress of man/humankind has, in our dim antiquarian past, been represented in art in stages of ascending a mountain.  The fine arts and sciences have been shown, in their various intellectual pedigrees, at various points on the mountain of the mind, usually with Philosophia sitting supremely at the top (with Astronomia and Mathematica generally not far underneath). This is mind, I came across another sort of progression to the Olympian heights, though it has no people in it, just the mountain, and a curious idea, ascending to faith, or truth. 

The image is on the title page of a curious, little, early work by the pseudonymous  “Grappa” (well-named for the drink), Cicalamenti de Grapps intorno  al Sonetto…though its real nature is revealed in the subtitle,“dove si’ Cliarala allungo delle lodi delle donne et del mal francioso”, or “where one chats at length about women with The French [venereal] Disease”.  It is also dedicated to a non-existent courtesan who was heralded as being lovely, generous, and deep in the seat of this same disease.  Indeedy! This ribald, blustery, frank, coarse innuendo-laced tract (28 leaves long) was not terribly unusual when it was printed in 1545, celebrating as it does the low- and high-cultural private life of Renaissance Italy.  Doctors, poets, gluttons, cheats and of course lots of beautiful women romp around ostensibly in an attempt to prove the usefulness of their sinful vices, relating it all somehow to the disease-improved poetic capacities of the STD-bestowed Petrarch, master of forlorn and unrequited love poetry and the father of Humanism  (It relates in a way that I can’t explain to Petrarch’s Canzoniere, sonnet #88, mostly written, I think, about a  girl/woman that he fell in love with in church, which is why we can see he needed to invent Humanism. He seems to say that the needs of love are strong, stronger than he could stand, evidently, and that one should flee, renounce it; he seems to for himself, the girl across the pew or across the great open space in the cathedral never weakening to him a bit.  He pines over her, and announces his own amoroso intoppo, or "amorous fumblings", and would take flight from himself as well. Evidently the people in this work by Grappa do not take his warnings to heart, though they do seem to renounce the "love" part but not the "sex" part. I could be really wrong on this god knows; all I wanted to do was look at the pretty picture on the cover!)

Stumbling into things like this  makes you remember that the Renaissance wasn’t all stuffy and main-springy; perspective-this and techno-that; they had their fun, too, even in 1545, and put it into print.

Back to the woodcut on the title page: it features a small, winding route up a mountain, the top of which is sanctified “fide”.  Now considering what these folks were doing in this work I wouldn’t necessarily christen the end of the adventure with this word, particularly if it meant (as it does) the name of the World Chess Federation (FIDE).  Seriously though fide means “faith”, as in bona fide (on good faith, by good authority), as opposed to mal fide (bad faith).  I cannot determine what in the world the structure is on the top of the mountain, or what is in it. 

There was a Rubber Lady in a Rubber Kitchen in a Rubber House....

JF Ptak Science Books LLC Post 347
                                                                                                           

After 15 or 20 centuries of development of rubber, including merciless horrors and peonage and slavery and brothel farms and whore cities in the depths of the Amazon, and it’s the spread of its development worldwide, who among the hundreds of thousands, millions, of people would’ve foreseen the development of their precious commodity into a rubber kitchen?  Perhaps it is sort of like imagining Johnny von Neumann or Chuck Babbage reacting to the use of their precious inventions into a platform for entertaining children with judged performances of stealing cars and killing aliens? 

Those feelings, I guess, are unknowable, though the gentle people in those folks might’ve given it all a “of course”, world-weary nod of relinquishing approval.  Or not.

But right before the mass of rubber was produced synthetically, and just as the naturally-produced rubber farms had spread far across the globe 9and diminishing the former leader Brazil’s share of total output to about 15%, the London-based Rubber Growers association produced these two (below) pamphlets extolling the endless uses of their product.  And I really mean ‘endless”, as they propose in these pages oh-my-rubbery-brothers the rubber house.  Not that the exterior of the house is made of rubber, but just about everything inside was.
                                                                                                           

The rubber house had rubber floors, and rubber floors cushioned rubber tables and chairs, and the rubber chairs cushioned rubber seat pads, and the rubber seat pads cushioned (yes) rubberized derriere’s encased in rubber pants. And then things spin a little out of control, like in the kitchen, where the floor, table top, confectionary mould, kneeling mat, sink lining, hardware cushions and curtains (!) were made or rubber.  (This is only the big-item list, which doesn’t bother with the rubber hoses, anti-splash nozzles, wringer rollers, ice cube trays, sink cozies, rubber sponges (!), brushes, mitts, teapot stands, and the myriad of small, loseable kitchen aids—those are on another list. The kitchen apron, by the way, is just one of many rubber clothing items, “made so pretty and delicious that it is a delight to wear”.)  Rubber moves into the dining room in a big way, covering the floor, table top, seat covers (with cushions stuffed with rubber), lampshades, flowers, fruit “ebonite picture frames”, drawer pulls, fireplace implement rests (?), bulb bowls, egg cups and so on.  The nursery has the same sorts of items, with the addition of wall paneling, extra cushioning around the rubber crib, mattress and mattress stuffing, and, of course the toys.                                                                                              

And so the wish of the Rubber Growers’ rubber house is stated and soon passes into history, along with the stainless steel house, the elevator house, the wind-driven house, the house-on-wheels, and the rest.  I think I reached my limit pretty early on with this, but definitely passed the point of no return with the “chic variety” of rubber hats for ladies to match their “dainty rubber parasols”.

 

Visual Display of Quantitative Data: German Losses in the Battle of Britain

JF Ptak Science Books Post 346  (This continues a thread on The Battle of Britain and also a post on "What 185,000 Planes Looks Like"). 

This tremendous display is half of a double-page spread that appeared in The Illustrated London News for 7 September 1940.  It was meant to bolster the civilian population of Britain during the time of the German attacks, stating that "Over one thousand Nazi aircraft (were) brought down over Great Britain in ...20 Days..." The artwork, drawn by Bryan de Grineau, actually depicts 1000 planes, and accurately-depicted ones at that.   What the graphic doesn't tally though are the airmen losses, which would be considerably more than the 1000 aircraft:  for example, of the aircraft involved in the sustain air-invasion of England, the  Dornier 215's had a crew of four, Dornier 17's three, Heinkel 111's four, Messerschmitt 110's two, and Junkers 88's three.  Thus  there were thousands more airmen lost, a commodity that the Nazis could little afford, more so as time went on.  
The results of the battle (and if you take a look at this earlier post for the full narrative), in terms of aircraft and humans,
were,  for England: 1,023 fighters, 376 bombers, 148 coastal command aircraft  for a total of 1,547 aircraft and  544 pilots and aircrew killed.  During this time there were 27,450
civilians killed and 32,138 wounded.  The Nazis lost 873 fighters and 1,014
bombers for a total of 1,887 aircraft, with  2,500 aircrew killed.

I find this visual display of quantitative data beautiful and compelling--and overwhelming in its way.

The Battle of Britain was fought primarily from 10 July to 31 October 1940, so by the time this image was published the Brits had been able to withstand the tide of Hitler's plans.  (The air strikes wouldn't really end until the Nazis turned their attention to the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa in May 1941.)  One of those plans, named Luftschlacht um England, was to overtake and destroy the British capacity in the air, for as long as the English had command of the airspace there would be no way that the Nazis could force an invasion by sea/land (at least in the minds of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht and Hitler.  With no air cover Britannia's rule of the waves could be much more effectively challenged; and should that occur, what was seen as a not very probable invasion of Great Britain by a not very substantial Nazi naval force/transports might actually come to being. 

This was a victory for HMG, though the rising tide for the Nazis would continue to do so through about November 1942, when after integral victories had been had that Churchill could declare at the Mayor's Luncheon (10 November 1942): "Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. but it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning". 

UPDATE: Dropping Boxes Filled With Soldiers: a Bad Technical Idea but a Great Strategic One, 1950

JF Ptak Science Books LLC  (added content to Post for 15 September)

I happened on this image from the front cover of Popular Science for November 1950 and recognized the idea instantly.  I posted on an earlier version of this idea from 1928 and placed it firmly in the BAD IDEAS Department of this blog.  The update from 1950 is a little improved, but, well, not by that much.  At least this canister leaves the clutches of the plane safely, though from the look of things it seems as though it might not want to land very nicely. 

The Famous Painting of the Tulip Who Stopped Rembrandt’s Bones from Turning Into Jelly

JF Ptak Science Books LLC  Post 345

This ungainly title is actually a true statement--even the Tulip “who” rather than “which” part. Rembrandt did suffer from some sort of mental suggestion/annoyance which convinced him that his bones were turning into jelly. (Weird happens: Kurt Goedel thought that he was being poisoned through his food and finally through water.) His symptoms were addressed, and treated (I guess), by the Amsterdam physician Nicolaas Tulp (1593-1674), who saved Rembrandt from himself.

Tulp, which means “tulip” in Dutch, was born Claes Pieterzoon, and was a Leyden-education physician who established a very respected and large practice in Amsterdam. He was additionally very interested in pathological anatomy, and in an early-CSI vein he frequently corresponded his diagnoses through postmortem dissection. In addition to his several published works is his magnum opus, Nicolai Tulpii Amstelredamensis Observationum medicarum libri tres.Cum aeneis figuris (Amsterdam, apud Ludovicum Elzevirium Elzevier, 1641), which contains much of medical interest (including what seems to be a description of diphtheria, a description of a bronchial cast, the description and illustration of the ileocecal valve and kidney stones, and a tapeworm, and the earliest European description of berberi  (see Major's  Classic Description of Disease)). Additionally he takes on the ideas of monsters, describes a narwhal, and makes the first illustration of a chimpanzee (called an “ouirang atong”) in Europe.

But he most famously survives all this by being the focus, the central figure, the catcher of light, in Rembrandt’s painting “The Anatomy Lesson”, which is really called “The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp”, which was painted in 1632. (I wonder how Dr. Tulp lived with this painting in his life for 42 years? ) In any event, it was he who evidently rescued Rembrandt from his dark place, or migraine, or depression—or at least he suggested how he could live his life with whatever he had in his head.  Tulp's portrait appears in the frontis to each of his works, but certainly there would be almost no shock of recognition in them; on the other hand, with the Rembrandt, almost everyone recognizes the scene,  though very few would now who Dr. Tulp was and what service he performed to the art world.

NOTE:
In one of his very many remarkable letters, Vincent Van Gogh writes to his brother Theo in October 1885 about this painting, offering an insight on color: “Rembrandt's “Lesson in Anatomy,” yes, I was absolutely staggered by that too. Do you remember those flesh colors - it is - de la terre - especially the feet….You know, Frans Hals's flesh colours are also earthy, used here in the sense that you know…”

Check out the website that annotates and includes illustrations of all of the works that Vincent references in his letters—his breadth was really astonishing, as is his memory, and of course his immense appreciation of color—and light-- in general.

100,000 People at the Dempsey-Carpentier Fight, 1921: a Remarkable Photograph

JF Ptak Science Books LLC  Post 344

This was a remarkable photograph for the information it presented when it was published in The Illustrated London News on 30 July 1921. That's a real sea of humanity surrounding the canvas ring, and probably the largest crowd ever assembled in Jersey City.

The image was made by a photographer for The New York Times from an airplane about 2,000 feet over the arena.

The fight between the two men was billed as "The Fight of the Century", and it was, up until that time.  It was probably the event that was most-listened to than any other event in history, the early radio broadcast of the fight reaching at least 300,000.  But since there were so many mass venues listening to the fight--or watching its progress via displayed messages transcribed from the radio broadcast--it is really pretty impossible to say how many followed the event on that day. 

(The image below shows a very large crowd of approximately 10,000 in Times Square waiting for the returns f the fight.)  

Trans-Atlantic Crossing by Air, 1910 (?) The Voyage of the "America"

JF Ptak Science Books LLC  Post 343

The airship "America", under the command of Captain Murray Simon and Walter Wellman (the arctic explorer, set out to cross the Atlantic Ocean on 15 October 1910. The dirigible was 228 feet long with a diameter of 58 feet, had a crew of eight, and was filled with hydrogen gas.  The airship's four-tons worth of petroleum (to run the four engines on either side of the ship) was carried in the base of the car compartment of the dirigible, with another ton or so of fuel carried in the "equilibraor", which served to keep the height of the dirigible "equalized" at about 200'.  They set off from New Jersey and flew in a very wide arc for about 1300 miles until engine trouble forced them down near Bermuda.  Although never coming close to crossing the ocean the "America" did set a record for the longest flight of any sort of flying machine.

What drew me to this image though was something far less important: the small inset picture at bottom left, which shows the "sleeping shelves" for the crew. The accommodations, shall we say, are barely so; they looked very narrow, very metal-y, very cold and pretty dangerous, with basically no room for a roll-over.  Then again, no one was there for comfort, but these racks look defiantly un-comfortable.  

This was the last flight for Wellman, and the crossing of the Atlantic by air would have to wait for the ethically-challenged Lindbergh sixteen years later.

Vegetius and the 4th Century Underwater Attack

JF Ptak Science Books LLC  Post 342

The name of Flavius Vegetius is not so much popularly known today, though his influence is felt through the hands of other, more famous, writers and thinkers.  He was seen as the most adept writer on the Roman mind in warfare, and his De re militari libri quator... was his masterpiece.  It was reprinted in 1532 by Christian Wechel from sources reaching back to the original, which was written around 390 ACE, and found a wide readership not only for its authority on all things military/Roman but also for his iconic insights and aphorisms on warfare in general.  It was Machiavelli who came under his spell and who adopted some of Vegetius, who became further disseminated through the military followers of Machiavelli, and so on.

I came to this work much more simply than all of this - I liked this image of the underwater warrior, who was somehow able to breathe while submerged.  I get the importance of this sort of undercover, guerilla maneuver, but what I really like was the rarity of seeing a Renaissance illustration of human submarine life, which is pretty uncommon.  Also, the use of the lines to represent the underwater quality of the image—giving the woodcut an overall grey tone—is also very scarce in the history of illustration, at least before 1600.  And very neat!  One of the hallmarks of this printing of Vegetius was the liberal use of white space in many of the (119) woodcut illustrations, though it is clearly not on display in the woodcut that I’m sharing here.

Of further interest are the following excerpts of Vegetius from the 1767 English translation found at the Digital Attic website. I’ve selected four interesting bits on the selection of recruits, their initial training, the size of recruits and the need of the new soldiers to learn how to swim.  I find them a fascinating insight into the appreciation of the raw military recruit from 1600 years ago. 

The Military Institutions of the Romans (De Re Militari)
By Flavius Vegetius Renatus

INITIAL TRAINING

The first thing the soldiers are to be taught is the military step, which can only be acquired by constant practice of marching quick and together. Nor is anything of more consequence either on the march or in the line than that they should keep their ranks with the greatest exactness. For troops who march in an irregular and disorderly manner are always in great danger of being defeated. They should march with the common military step twenty miles in five summer-hours, and with the full step, which is quicker, twenty-four miles in the same number of hours. If they exceed this pace, they no longer march but run, and no certain rate can be assigned.
But the young recruits in particular must be exercised in running, in order to charge the enemy with great vigor; occupy, on occasion, an advantageous post with greater expedition, and prevent the enemy in their designs upon the same; that they may, when sent to reconnoiter, advance with speed, return with greater celerity and more easily come up with the enemy in a pursuit.

Wicked Polly Reveals the Sameness of Names, 1827

JF Ptak Science Books LLC Post 341

In my collecting of antique children's art (that is, art produced by children from 1880 and earlier) I've stumbled across a number of interesting other associated, relateable,  things.  One such item is this manuscript copy--from 1827--of a much older children's warning/lesson poem, called "The Lamentable Story of Wicked Polly", a scare-the-kids-to-death kind of poem, instilling (and installing) a very healthy dosage of the wrath of god, a falling away from the just Jesus, and the regretably-late realization on the everlasting pain of sin.  A rosey children's lullaby it is not.

[The lyrics are below; click on the images for a more legible resolution.]

But the side interest here is literally at the side, a perhaps revealing bit of marginalia in which the copyist has recorded the names of 54 children (I imagine).  Are these names the names of classmates, other children in school, kids in town?   There are 26 girls and 28 boys; the girls, as it urns out, have 9 different names; the 28 boys have 18 different names. I wonder why?  The girls have the following names (and with the number of holders):  Ann (7), Ekiza (4), Mary (4), Hannah (3), Sarah (3), Mary (3), Jane (2) and then one each for Lydia, Sidney and Maria. 

The boys have more imaginative names:  most popular are William (4) and John (4); this is followed by Joseph (3), James (2), and Abraham (2).  The rest of the names are single-uses, and include: Achilles, Joshua, George, Absolom, Enos, Thomas, Pinkney, Charles, Edward, Zachoria, Isaac, Dening and Reason.  This is a small and unexpected sample, but it is interesting nonetheless--I don't even have an explanation, just this observation. 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

The Lamentable Death of Wicked Polly

 

Young people who delight in sin.
I'll tell you what has lately been:
A woman who was young and fair,
Who died in sin and sad despair.

She'd go to frolics, dance and play,
In spite of all her friends could say;
I'll turn to God when I get old,
And He will then receive my soul.

One Friday morning she took sick,
Her stubborn heart began to break;
Alas! alas! my days are spent,
Too late! too late for to repent.

She called her mother to her bed-
Her eyes were rolling in her head-
When I am dead remember well,
Your wicked Polly screams in Hell.

The tears are lost you shed for me,
My soul is lost, I plainly see;
Oh! Mother, Mother, fare you well-
My soul will soon be dragged to Hell.

My earthly father, fare you well,
My soul is lost and doomed to Hell;
The flaming wrath begins to roll,
I am a lost and ruined soul.

She gnawed her tongue before she died,
She rolled and groaned and screamed and cried,
Oh, must I burn forever more,
When thousand, thousand years are o'er?

At last the monster Death prevailed,
Her nails turned blue, her language failed;
She closed her eyes and left the world,
Poor Polly down in Hell was hurled.

It almost broke her mother's heart
To see her child to Hell depart;
My Polly, O my Polly's dead,
Her soul is gone, her spirit's fled.

Alas - how did her parents mourn
To think their child was dead and gone.
Oh! is my Polly gone to Hell,
My grief's so great no tongue can tell.

Young people, lest this be your case,
Return to God and seek His face.
Upon your knees for mercy cry,
Lest you in sin like Polly die.

Oh! sinners, take the warning fair
And for your dying bed prepare,
Return to Jesus Christ and live,
And He will life and pardon give.

Remember well your dying day,
And seek salvation while you may;
Forsake your sin and follies, too,
Or they will prove your overthrow.

 

Achievements in European Flight: Excellent Visual Display, 1913

JF Ptak Science Books LLC  Post 340     

This excellent (and slightly bizarre-looking) display of quantitative data comes to us from The Illustrated London News for 17 January 1914.  IT shows the great range and capacity of endurance and long-range flight taking place in Europe in 1913.  This portrayal is extraordinary if you keep in mind that (as I wrote about in a post last week) the Wright Brothers had only arrived in Europe in the middle of 1908 to begin their revolutionary re-introduction of the concept of heavier than air flight to the Europeans. Just prior to the Wright's arrival the combined forces in Europe had barely been able to muster a sustained flight of two minutes, even as late as 1907.  The exhibition of the Wright flyers made an instant and profound impression on all concerned, and the lessons of the Wrights imemdiately put into practice.  Which brings us to this graphic, showing that flight in Europe had advanced enormously, with flights now routinely lasting many hours and taking place over a course of hundreds of miles--all of these changes taking place in five short years.  World War I would be the next gigantic influence on the development of flight theory, airplane construction and the use of the skies, and that would all start taking place in less than a year from now. 

Atomic Bomb Darts--Kids' Games from the 1950's

JF Ptak Science Books Post 339

Outside of duck-and-cover routines and other schemes for teaching children the survivability of nuclear holocaust, the approach for installing nuclear-think in the psyche of the young was through games. One such game was this cheap, affordable-by-all bombing game, "Target for Tonight" (a "Selected Budget-type Toy" by "Thrift Toys, Imported"), in which kids would use their "Atomic Darts" to reign terror over foreign lands.  But be careful!  Missing the primary targets and hitting something in the outside ring will cost you points!  If you bombed the hospital, school or chapel, you'd lose 25 points; if you hit the "civilian city" you'd get 50 points docked from your total.  Of course the game goes on no matter how many points you lose, just so long as you hit something positive and whose point add up to a total of 175. 

The bullseye of the game is the "Atomic Bomb Dump" (an expression I've never seen before) at center.  Since it would be relatively easy to score 175--you could do it with four or five decent hits--the makers must've assumed that there would be plenty of collateral damage taking points from the total, otherwise the game would be over in two rounds and how much fun would that be?  So I guess that the message in this medium would be that into every winning effort some considerable unhappy rain must fall. 

I guess too that the kids playing this game could've been throwing their atomic darts wearing their Lone Ranger Atomic Bomb ring.  I'm no toy expert, but I cannot remember any other children's jewelry from before 1960 (this ring is from 1946) using such a graphic depiction of The Bomb for casual wear.
  I'm also fairly positive that there must've been a good, causal bit to go along with "Atomic bomb" and "the Lone Ranger", though I can't think of what would connect the Western hero with the a-bomb.

Another no-holds-barred toy appears in the form of this manual dexterity game from the late 1940's--the child was supposed to maneuver the three marbles into the hole/position at Hiroshima, Nagasaki and Tokyo.

Did I mention that the "Target for Tonight" game was made in Japan?

 

Blank and Disappeared Things Department: Confederate Oath of Allegiance and Loyalty

JF Ptak Science Books LLC Post 338

The hundreds of thousands of soldiers who found themselves in Confederate homespun after years of fighting against "those people" of General Lee were offered a clemency at the end of the war by Abraham Lincoln.  Or rather it was the idea of Lincoln's that survived the war as Lincoln didn't.  

Actually the idea of amnesty was granted as a presidential power via the Confiscation Act of 1862, which authorized the president of the United States to pardon anyone involved in the rebellion. This was done at a time when the outcome of the war was still nebulous and far from being decided, as Lincoln was suffering a crisis in his cabinet as well as on battlefields throughout the run of the nation.  This act was followed by the Amnesty Proclamation of 8 December 1863, which basically extended a pardon to anyone who was not a war criminal, was an officer, and who would sign an oath of allegiance.  This was followed by another proclamation in 1864 extending the privilege to Southern civilians as well.  And the sentiments were extended past Lincoln’s murder via the otherwise occupied third-worst president, resulting on 25 December 1865 with the unconditional pardon to all Civil War vets except for the high-ranking and monied officers—this is something that Johnson got absolutely right, and so right, as a matter of fact that even more liberally-minded northerners thought he was giving away the store.  Johnson didn’t follow his own deepest thoughts and dark angels on this issue, either:  right after becoming president (the first VP to ascend to the office during an active administration) in April, 1865 he was noted telling an Indiana delegation that, "Treason must be made odious... traitors must be punished and impoverished ... their social power must be destroyed."

Within weeks his policy line had softened if not his reasoning than at least his rhetoric and action:  "I say, as to the leaders, punishment. I also say leniency, reconciliation and amnesty to the thousands whom they have misled and deceived.  These actions alienated many on all sides, but it was probably the highlight of his troubled four years or so in office, and more than likely was the only thing he got right in the Reconstruction policies through 1869. (I’d say that his allowance of the creation of Black Codes and the codification of sub-citizenship to the newly-freed slaves that created a still subjugated interior-nation for black people created more havoc and pain and discord than anything else anyone did in government in the immediate post-war period.)

So as part of the series of blank and empty things I'd like to include this unused oath of allegiance certificate.  There were perhaps hundreds of thousands of these sorts of bills-of-freedom distributed to Confederate veterans, who--whether they agreed or not, believed or not--filled them up with their information and pledged to be true to the Union, if for no other reason than to put the war as much behind them as possible and return to what might have been their lives.  I've also included three examples (relating to the same person) of filled-out pledges (at bottom).

NOTES:

The following first section is an appraisal and summation of the amnesty program appearing in Harper's Weekly for May 15 1865:

PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S AMNESTY.
By his proclamation of the 8th of December, 1863, President LINCOLN granted a full pardon —with certain exceptions which we will presently state—to all who had been in rebellion, with a full restoration of all rights of property except in slaves and in cases where the rights of third parties had intervened, and upon condition of taking and subscribing and keeping in-violate an oath to support and defend the Constitution and the Union under it, and to abide faithfully by all the laws of Congress, and by the proclamations of the President in regard to slaves, so far as they are not repealed or declared void by the Supreme Court.
The persons excepted from this amnesty were all who are or have been civil or diplomatic officers and agents of the rebel Government—all who have left judicial stations under the United States to aid the rebellion—all who are or have been military and naval officers above the rank of colonel in the army or lieutenant in the navy —all who left seats in the United States Congress, or resigned commissions in its army or navy, and afterward aided the rebellion—and all who have treated colored or white soldiers and sailors of the United States otherwise than as prisoners of war.

On the 26th of March, 1864, President LINCOLN by proclamation defined that the amnesty was limited to those who were not prisoners of war, but who, being free from any arrest, voluntarily took the oath.
On the 6th of December, 1864, in his last annual Message to Congress, the President said that when he issued the amnesty he stated that the excepted classes might still be within special clemency. " During the year," he continued, "many availed themselves of the general provision, and many more would, only that the signs of bad faith in some" led to precautions. Special pardons had also been granted to persons of the excepted classes. " The door has been for a full year open to all." But he adds, " The time may come, probably will come, when public duty shall demand that it be closed, and that, in lieu, more rigorous measures than heretofore shall be adopted

NOTES, Part II:

Image 1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

I, W.C. Harris of the County of Mobile, State of Alabama, do solemnly swear
that I will protect and defend the Constitution and Government of the United
States against all enemies, whether domestic or foreign; that I will bear
true faith, allegiance, and loyalty to the same, any ordinance, resolution
or laws of any State, Convention, or Legislature, to the contrary
notwithstanding; and further, that I will faithfully perform all the duties
which may be required of me by the laws of the United States; and I take
this oath freely and voluntarily, without any mental reservation or evasion
whatever.

W.C.Harris

Sunscribed and sworn to before me, this 27th day of June A.D. 1865
A.G. Brady
Maj. and Provost Marshall
The above-named has light complexion, Black hair, and Blue eyes; and is 5
feet 9 1/2 inches high.

Image 2
CERIFICATE OF RELEASE OF PRISONER OF WAR
Head Quarters, Point Lookout, Md.
Provost Marshal's Office  June 27, 1865

I hereby certify, that W.C. Harris , prisoner of war, having this day taken
the Oath of Allegiance to the United States is in conformity with the
instructions from the War Department, hereby released and discharged.

In Witness whereof, I hereunto affix my official signature and stamp.

A.G.Brady,
Maj. and Provost Marshal

Image 3
OATH AND PAROLE

I do solemnly swear, in presence of Almight God, that I will henceforth
faithfully support, protect and defend the Constitution of the United
States, and the Union of the States thereunder; and that I will in like
manner abide by and faithfully support all acts of the Congress passed
during the existing rebellion with reference to slaves, so long and so far
as not repealed, modified or held void by Congress, or by decision of the
Supreme Court; and that I will in like manner abide by and faithfully
support all proclaimations of the President made during the existing
rebellion, having reference to slaves, so long and so far as not modified or
declared void by decision of the Supreme Court,--- So help me God; and I
give my solemn parole of honor (to be enforced according to military law,)
that I will hold no correspondence with, or afford any aid or comfort to any
enemies or opposers of the United States, save as an act of humanity, to
administer to the necessities of individuals, who are in sickness or
distress; and I solemnly declare that this Oath and Parole is taken and
given freely and willingly, without any mental reservation or evasion
whatever, and with full intention to keep the same.

Blank and Empty People and Things: The Wobblies Protect their Own, 1906

JF Ptak Science Books LLC Post 337

 This  IWW unused release form for political prisoners is yet another entry in our Blank/Missing People/Things category.  This was pretty radical envelope-edgy stuff for political liberalism in the U.S.
in the early part of the 20th century, butt that was really the modus operandi of this group.  Founded in Chicago just a year or so earlier than this form was printed, the Industrial Workers of the World was an anarchist/socialist/radical and sprinkling of trade unions and organizations conglomeration organization as a general answer to a malaise and dissatisfaction with the policies of larger trade groups (mainly the American Federation of Labor (AFL)).  What it really was, or became, was the most important movement of the century for the protection of workers and unions, though it did bolster the underlying belief in overthrowing the ruling economic class for the benefit of all who labored to make that class even more wealthy and dominating. 

I have no doubt that such a piece of propaganda was needed and necessary—labor workers, organizers, unionists and the like were granted little clemency by big business, and could be often treated with great brutality, not the least of which was physical.  It was not in the interest of the controllers of the means of production to allow such interference from labor groups such as the IWW, as they saw it as a diminishing assault on their source of revenue.  There was also another reason for fear and condemnation of this group—it was also about the only major group which allowed membership along all race and belief systems.  The possibility of a cohesive laboring class threatened the established (and still established) fracturing of the working classes by petty differences, fostering internecine warfare among the working classes and keeping them more divided and weak. 

This broadside looks as though it is newer than what the Library of Congress guesses is 1906/7—the design, woodcut and typeface all look later—but the document does have the imprimatur of William D. (“Big Bill”) Haywood, which would make the date correct.  Still, the design doesn’t look quite right to me.

Oliver Byrne's Euclid, (slightly) continued

JF Ptak Science Books LLC

Here's a few more examples from Oliver Byrne'a unique attempt at transliterating the propositions of Euclid via color.  As I said in an earlier post  the attempt may not be a step in the right direction (and by "right" I mean "correct") but it is, beyond doubt, beautiful--yet another example of Beautiful Wrongness.

The entire work by Oliver Byrne's may be found here

 

 

Balloon Bridges and 600-Foot-Long Airships, 1854

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 335

Often the reproduction of a print for popular consumption just doesn’t come anywhere near expressing the flavor of the original.  This is definitely the case with Gaston Tissandier’s Bibliotheque des Merveilles la Navigation Aerienne, l’Aviation et la Direction des Aerostats (printed in
Paris in 1886), in which enormity of Propser Meller's (the younger) airship is almost entirely lost.  You do get the idea of the size of the ship, but “bigness” is a weak constant, especially when you look at the original print of the great ship, which turns that concept into a more flavorful enormity.

The Meller balloon--according to the scale at the bottom of the image--would measure a truly spectacular 200 meters/650 feet or so, and when you zoom in on the detail of the people aboard the ship the size becomes overwhelming.  The print appears in Meller's rare work Des Aerostats, NAvigation areieene, Chemin de fer aerostatique....printed in Bordeaux in 1851, and of course the ship was never built, but it did serve as an intellectual forerunner of the more modern zeppelin.

But the truth of the matter was that Meller was also very busy trying to figure out what balloons could actually do:  Planning 600-foot-long airships (which would have been by far the longest vehicle of any sort ever built) is one thing, and one thing that was interesting but not terribly practicable in 1851; but he wrote elsewhere, in his   Phare aerostatique (1854) that balloons could definitely be employed more easily with lesser goals but greater utility.   For one thing a fixed balloon could be easily employed by the military of harbor control as a means for suspending artificial light sources.  More ingenious and eyebrow-raising was another idea for a balloon bridge, which would’ve guided balloons across unbridgeable waters, shore-to-shore.  It was certainly a bigger piece of thinking than a light source, but to me it sounds like a fairly plausible way of getting heavy loads and people across problematic bodies of water (and etc.) where bridges or boats would not work.  In any event it seemed doable; at least far more so than the giant airship

As you can see, the miunutae detail of the original is lost in the reprint, and it is in the detail that the greatness of this airship can be found. .

 

 

  The balloon bridge by Meller:

Some other works by Meller:

Projet de navigation aérienne  (Imprimerie de Pollet ..., 1852)
À la marine  (Typographie Plon frères, 1854)
Phare aérostatique.Paris: Typographie Plon Frères, 1854.

*From Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal, 28 August 1852 describing his 600’ airship:

 Attempts are still being made towards aërial navigation. M. Prosper Meller, of Bordeaux, proposes to construct an aërial locomotive 200 mètres in length, 62 wide, and 60 high, the form to be cylindrical, with cone-shaped ends, as best adapted for speed. The outer case is to be varnished leather, which is to be filled with gas, and to contain five spherical balloons. A net, which covers the whole, is to support sixteen helices by ropes, eight on each side; and to these two galleries are to be attached, one for the machinery, the other for passengers. The affair looks well on paper; but there is little risk in saying, that the days of flying machines are not yet come, neither is the scheme for aërial railways—a series of cables stretched from one high building to another—to be regarded as any more promising.