Ptak Science Books

The Revolutionary Importance of the Non-Cookie Toll House

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1121    

I think that in a way the introduction of the toll house was as a significant a development in the history of the industrial revolution as the toilet.  Without the toilet, you can’t really have a concentrated population to run industries–or at least without making everyone sick because of unsanitary and pestilential conditions. If you create the possibilities for having industries that employed 100 or so people, and had a bunch of them in a city setting, it wouldn’t much matter if you didn’t have the people to run them, and you can’t have the people far-flung and living apart if there’s no way for them to get to their work.  Concentrated living called for lots of innovation, and perhaps the most important of those was how to get rid of human waste. 

Without good roads you can’t get your produced goods to a market outside of the one you’re in, isolating chances for growth and development.  If you have a good serviceable, dependable road to transport your stuff, then you have an expanded market; that means you can sell more, produce more, and theoretically charge less, which means you expand your consumer base, and on and on.  But that means you have to be able t depend on your road.  And a good road needs to be paid for.  And one of the chief ways of funding these early roads was by a toll, which called for a toll house and a little gate.  And a person to collect the money.  Merchants figured out very quickly that it was much cheaper to pay a toll to use a good road than it was to use a bad road for free and have to depend on the graces that it be maintained; and since the graces weren’t kind, there would be all sorts of repairs necessary because of the poor road: harnesses, wheels, wagons, horses, and the like, not to mention food and such that could spoil along the way, or goods damaged in transport. 

This all comes up from looking at a curious book by WH. Pyne¹, who provided a thousand or so images of “picturesque” (meaning “working or laboring) life that could be used by artists to populate more general images of landscapes or cityscapes or seascapes.  I’ll address this in a later post. It was several small pictures of toll houses that caused this thinking about the industrial revolution....pictures of things intended for gentle artists who may never have seen such sights in their life, and who might need to fit a curious little image of a gate-keep in their picture of some prosaic cow-filled landscape.

In the 17th and 18th centuries the introduction of serviceable roads over old trails and bad roads that connected towns wound up expanding markets for farmers and cottage industries, lowering prices because of easier availability of the product, and creating more consumers.  And so on.

I realize that this might very well be a "turtles all the way down" argument, but since I've already named one turtle in a post here, I might as well name two. 

Notes
1. William Henry Pane (1769-1843), Picturesque groups for the embellishment of landscape : in a series of above one thousand subjects : comprising the most interesting accessories to rural and domestic scenery, shipping and craft, rural sports, pastimes and occupations, naval, military and civil employments, implements of trade, commerce and agriculture, etc. , the whole forming an encyclopaedia of illustration of the arts, agriculture, manufactures, &c. of Great Britain  Publisher: London (Bedford Street, Covent Garden) : M.A. Nattali, 1845.

Strange Things in the Sky Department: Tetrahedra, Horse & Steamship Balloons, Swimming Pools & Exploding Moons.

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1120

Rounding out the image dump from yesterday are these additions to the developing category "Strange Things in the Sky".  The odd things in today's issue include floating tetrahedra, an exploding Moon, a hovering anti-gravity Dr. Seuss pool, a Russian rocket pioneer's enormous apartment building-like dirigible, and a steamship balloon.

The first, without any explanation and offered as a pure art form, is this illustration by Frank R. Paul for Wonder Stories of November 1931.

Next, another Paul cover for Science Fiction Plus for August 1953, illustrating a story where the Moon explodes

Other strangeness in the sky is  Dr. Seuss’ swimming balloon pool from his Oh, the Thinks you can Think. .  I’ve seen some interesting images of balloons and dirigibles taken as serious efforts that reminded me of that double-page spread by the good Doctor.

  

 

This may have been the Omega end of bad ideas in the career of Zilkowsky, who is better known by the other spelling of his name, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1835), a Russian misanthrope and space pioneering genius who wrote more than 500 works on rocketry and exploration including what is arguably the first tech word ever done in the field (in 1903, The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices). Tsiolkovsky somehow lasted through purges and Stalinist tirades, while few of his colleagues did—many mysteriously disappeared, while others went to prison and disappeared there.  (Stalin’s crude and insatiable blood lust, perhaps the worst of the century, knew no bounds, not even to the scientists who could conceivably hand him reigns of rocket/missile-propelled power.)  Anyway, Tsiolkovsky’s dirigible was composed of a collapsible metal so that the aircraft could form its own hangar when “docked”.  I don’t know where to begin with this one…

The next entry is the ship-balloon of Thaddeus Lowe (1832-1913) One of Lowe’s great contributions in the history of ballooning was providing aerial reconnaissance via (panoramic) photographs to the Union army on Confederate army positions—particularly the Rebel positions at Richmond (1864) and Fredericksburg (1862). (He had a wide span of professional interests and wound up living the high life in L.A. in a half-acre home.)  This 130-foot diameter monster with a steam-ship escape pod (named The City of New York and then renamed The Great Western after the city couldn’t supply enough gas to get the thing inflated) was intended to be a transatlantic traveler.  Ready to try this fantastic adventure in 1860, ready to take charge, ready to begin a very problematic trip across the Atlantic in a balloon, Lowe, seemingly ready, had his balloon ripped apart while waiting for launching by a chance and not-horrible wind.  Lucky for Lowe and the Union Army, this didn’t happen over the ocean somewhere out of reach, and the North’s important info-gatherer did not sink like a stone in the cold dark sea.  (I’m very cynical that the 100-foot-long, bulbously heavy steam-powered “life boat” would’ve landed right-side-up and softly enough to have been of any use save for providing some floaty bits that survivors from the balloon could’ve clung to for a while before being consumed by King Neptune.  

Lastly for today is this lovely history of balloon and aeroplane flight published in The Illustrated London News for 3 July 1909, called "The Evolution of the Great War-ships of the Air:  Balloons, Non-Dirigible and Dirigible, and Aeroplanes, from the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth Century".  It is more fully explained here in an earlier post I made to this blog, laboring the point that 8% of the 60 air vehicles involved a horse. 

Strange Things in the Sky Department: Floating Airports

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1119

I've written several posts here about floating an airport in the NYC narrows, as well as airports constructed over hundreds of acres of Midtown rooftops, hundreds of small landing strips crossing the Atlantic, innumerable planes and dirigibles with lad fields on/in them, and covering the Thames at Big Ben. (See here for some of these stories.) But I've not seen a floating or hovering anti-gravity airport until now. 

The question for me would be--why, if you have somehow mastered gravity enough to float a large piece of concrete tonnage like an airport in the sky, why, oh why, are you still using airplanes? 

The answer doesn't matter, here, only the art does.Actually, the writing doesn't matter, either; just check out the excerpt below.)   This again a piece of delicious imagination by Frank R. Pauil created  for the July 1929 issue of Air Wonder Stories.   The drawing below must be among the first of its kind to depict a collision between two anti-gravity floating/hovering airports. (!)

Notes:

The excerpt:

"The Professor stared blankly a moment, then rushed away to the office. We followed breathlessly.

The outer door had been forced, its lock being broken, but beyond this no damage had been done so far as we could discover. Anxiously we ran over the papers--not a print was missing...."

It might have been more interesting if the thief had stolen all of the "e's" from those papers.  There are 9,500 more words in this story, but I can't make ir any further than this...

And also this:

New York City: Attacked by Tentacled Flying Saucers, Giant Flying Snakes, Glaciers, and Mining Missile Space Aliens, 1929-1941

JF Ptak Science Books   Post   1118

This is a simple, non-analytical image dump for some in a continuing series on images of New York City in fantastical and improbable situations--there's artwork that show the city being consumed by glaciers, drowned by the tide, ripped from the Earth and flung into the sun, floating in the sea, floating in space, sunken, and of course simply attacked by any number of different things, though most of those weren't real.  There is of course the great unknown classic that I stumbled across--the duplicate NYC on a duplicate Earth orbiting the Earth ((?!) and pictured at the end of this post). I doubt that there's enough for a dictionary of disasters, though there's plenty for a Doomsday Book.

For example the first image for this post shows a domed New York City--and in this scifi sub-classic,  like other major cities of the United States, NYC was suffering a catastrophic attack by winged snake monsters.  I don't know why  the dome is exploding because the snakes don't appear to be armed.

This does remind me of an image from the mind of Buckminster Fuller, who came up with an extraordinarily bad idea to protect NYC against thermonuclear weapons. (Fuller's dome appears here.)

 

Then there's this magnificent cover for November, 1929, featuring a tentacled flying saucer removing the Woolworth Building into outer space (as well as the Eiffel Tower by another brethern craft (the Earth appearing again, as nearly usual, without cloud cover):

And yet another destroyed Woolworth Building, this from January 1929, featuring an enormous glacier attacking the City:

And this vision of a decimated NYC, coming at the hands of giant hovering mining/missile space aliens:

And of course, the duplicate NYC on Extra Earth:

Triple Sci-Fi Negatives: Man-Tossing Giant Woman from the inside of Mother's Wedding Ring (!) 1921

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1117

There are times when even things that are made to look extraordinary and plainly, outrageously identifiable as what they are, simply aren't--and sometimes they're not even close.  For example, this cover of Fantastic Novels (1921?) seems to tell a straightforward story, but as it turns out the giant is giant but one living within a world in an atom of a gold wedding ring.

Author Ray Cummings (1887-1957) found a nice writing niche for himself in his fictional discovery of a drug that could make people as small as atoms and then, once inside the microworld, could be made as immense as micro-mountains.  The Girl in the Golden Atom was one of a five-part trilogy(?)¹ and so far as I can tell, Cummings used the hell out of his original idea.  The prose reads like it is punctuated with invisible periods every fifth word²--evidently Cummings was so very busy writing 750 books and short stories that it  left him little time to edit or, maybe, think.

Briefly and perhaps wrongly put, what I think that happens in this story  is this–four guys in a 1919 club do sumpin’, the chemist among them figures sumpin’ out and finds a micro world inside the atoms of his mother’s golden wedding ring where he falls in love with a chick  there and goes to visit her himself³; the shrunken chemist finds himself in the middle of a war and grows himself to gigantic proportions in microworld to help out his girlfriend’s people.  Or something like that. I don’t feel a need to understand this one. All I want is the cover art. 

Personally, I’d rather be a giant rather than be miniaturized to somehow fight for my existence in the microscopical world.  Sure, finding sources of energy if you were 500 feet tall or whatever is going to be a problem; finding whatever problematic but less so. But at least nothing is going to try and eat/crush/liquidate you in the micro-world, where food is the least of your problems.  Color me in big.

As I said, all my interest here is in the Frank R. Paul cover art.  I find very few images where giant women are throwing tiny men taken from a sea of tiny men into the far horizon. 
______   
Notes.

1. The other four parts of the five-part trilogy are The Princess of the Atom, The Man Who Mastered Time, The Shadow Girl and The Exile of Time)
2. Here’s a sample of the writing:
"Many things they threw," Lylda [a giant woman]  answered. "But I was so big," she smiled a little sad, twisted smile. "What they could do was as nothing. And
because of that they fear and hate us so; yet never have I seen such
fearless things as those they did. Death to the giants was their only
cry. And I could have killed them--hundreds, thousands--yet never could
I have made them stop while yet they were alive.”

She was speaking to a character named Big Business Man. Makes my teeth fall out.

3. Sounds like a lot of therapy source material

Strange Things in the Sky Department: Manhattan Ripped from the Earth and Flung into the Sun

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1116

Well, no, this isn't quite the case, but it does look as though Manhattan was mysteriously transformed into a spaceship of some sort, an island in the sky (that it already is), hurtling towards a destiny with the sun.  But in sci-fi

fact, Manhattan was being ripped straight out of the Earth, swallowed along with other Earthly goods and Solar System fixtures by an advancing and ravenous Sol.  (I should note that there is a battleship floating upside down over Manhattan--this is the second image of an upside-down above-Manhattan hovering battleship I have seen this week from Mr. Paul, an earlier version seen here.) .Physics problems aside, this cover was just too spectacular to not merit its own post, so that it is easily findable (even amidst the rest of the NYC swallowed/missing/in space/attacked/duplicated posts). 

For example, there is the following case of Manhattan being missing, submerging itself into the bedrock under the weight of its skyscrapers (in 1902):

Frank R. Paul did the cover art for the story "An Invading Sun" that appeared in Science Fiction for August, 1939, and that's as far as I got with this issue--anything more is destined to be a shrinking denouement.  There would've been plenty in the air, as it were, in the summer of 1939 to put the artist and the author in a foul prognosticating mood.  The Japanese had already been scourging China for several years now, and Nazi Germany had moved into Austria and Czechoslovakia, and were just about to begin WWII in earnest with their attack on Poland, just weeks away.  The 1930's were a glorious decade for physics (and included the Miracle Year of 1932 spiked by Fermi, the Joliot-Curies and Carl Anderson; Oppenheimer and gravitational collapse, the overwhelmingly better-understood quantum theory, nuclear physics, and all the rest...a very busy decade). So the world was coming into a landing of some sort in 1939, what with densely compacted collapsing stars, the discovery of subatomic particles, the real birth of QM and nuclear physics, Nazis, the Japanese running amok in Asia, the death pangs of the Depression panging away, deep anti-involvement attitudes int he US, and so on.  No wonder the Earth was being consumed in science fiction fires. 

_________

Cover art by Frank R. Paul for August 1939 Science Fiction magazine source: Frank Wu's Frank R. Paul Gallery.

Strange Things in the Sky Department: Floating NYC of the Future

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1116

Frank R. Paul (again!) put his indelible design stamp in this fantastic cover art for Edomnd Hamilton's (1904-1977)¹ story "Cities in the Air" that appeared in the November 1929 issue of Air Wonder Stories.  I don't have access to the content of the story, but at base it seems, at the very least, that the city footprint underneath the floating city has got to be New York.   Some of the geography looks a little off, but if the City was allowed to return to its less-people origins, this is sort of what it looked like.  And since bridges are still standing though not necessarily buildings, and being that there so much lush green growth, something awful must've happened to reduce the population of Metropolis.  (Manhattan Island seems pretty identifiable, as does Staten Island, part of Jersey City, plus Brooklyn and the Bronx, plus the upper island of Manhattan....there's no chance I think that there is not New York City.)

So something big indeed must've happened to get everyone up in the floating NYC replacement--not the least of which would've been the discovery of some sort of gravity-negating something.  I'm not sure what the point of all of that is, exactly, unless these new floating cities are cultivating the Earth, or something, Eden-zing it. perhaps the cities were on the go, somehow, though a sudden start or stop or dip or thrust or whatever might prove devastating, unless there was something invented that would ensure certain laws of motion wouldn't apply to anti-graviationally-platformed floating cities of the future.  And if it wasn't going to move, why would you want to go through all of that effort in removing everyone to  giant floating city and keep it in the same pace, hovering above its former self.

But in this sort of future, everything and anything is possible, so I guess it all makes sense as long as you can adjust definitions and "criteria of validity" at will.    I would like to see the city plan for the interior of the place--we can already see that it is ringed with enormous buildings, but I'd like to see center-city, especially the reason for the hole in the bottom of the floating city donut.  (I'm thinking that this could also classify in the rare cross-sub-category joining the History of the Future posts with the History of Holes--History of Future Holes.)

____

Notes

1.  Hamilton's bibliography is located (at least) here.

History of Lines series: Famous Stick Figures of the Renaissance

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1115

In the History of Lines subcategory in this blog (following the separate histories of dots, holes and missing things) I’ve discussed things like Darwin’s evolutionary tree, the length of the coastline of Britain via Mandelbrot’s fractal  geometry and Richard Feynman’s beautiful diagrams, but I’ve not really discussed “stick figures”.  They came up briefly in a short discussion relating to the history of published antiquarian drawings by children (and how the earliest drawings by kids look by and large the same over many centuries), but that has been about it.


Today though I’ve come across stick figures in a very unlikely place–in a great fresco by one of the finest painters of the human form of quattrocentro Florence.  Domenico Ghirlandaio¹1449-1494 was an enormously popular artist during his day, with many fresco commissions and portraits to his credit; he made good use of eyeball-alone perspective and held a great passion for detail–something that I think got him into a snooty bit of trouble with most of the 20th century’s criticism of his artwork. (Bernard Berenson for one looked down his long and very sniffy nose at Ghirlandaio and announced him a mediocrity.) It cannot be left unsaid that he was also an early and short-lived teacher to Michelangelo. 
                       
What concerns me right now though is his fresco in the Sasseti Chapel of the Santa Trinita of Florence, painted about 1485, “The Confirmation of the Rule of St. Francis”². Part of a series of works on St. Francis, this fresco represents the visit of the saint to Rome, though Ghirlandaio moved the “Rome” part to Florence (as the background is filled with famous Florentine buildings).³

The figures appear to be quite like stick figures from a distance --there they are in the upper-center background above the heads of the seated prelates--but loom less so when given some magnification, when more details come out. Even when looking at the figures this closely, though they still manage to keep a fair amount of the stick-ness, and so contribute a little bit of irony to the beautifully-rendered humans that fill the paintings and frescoes of this great master. 

I guess that once viewed up close the "stick figure" part of the figures that are seen from far away become less so, but, well, they still seem like stick figures from a distance.

Notes
1.  The name he grew up with was Domenico di Tommaso di Currado di Doffo Bigordi until nicknamed, renamed, by his father “Ghirlandaio”, or “garland maker”.  Ghirlandaio was apprenticed to his father, probably, who was a goldsmith and whose signature creations were garland-like necklaces

2.“Ghirlandaio's most famous achievement is his fresco cycle of the life of Mary and St. John the Baptist for the choir of Santa Maria Novella. Michelangelo served an apprenticeship with him at this time and probably worked on these frescoes. Other examples of his art are the Adoration of the Magi (Uffizi); another Adoration (Hospital of the Innocents); a mosaic of the Annunciation for the Cathedral; a portrait of Francesco Sassetti and his son (Metropolitan Mus.); a portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni (Morgan Lib., New York City); and the highly realistic portrayal of Grandfather and Grandson (Louvre).”–www.globalgallery.com  It is interesting to see how Ghirlandaio managed to include portraits of Florentine nobility in this work–mostly they are the heads of the people coming up the stairs in the foreground. “There are portraits of Lorenzo il Magnifico / Lorenzo de' Medici and Agnolo Poliziano with Lorenzo’s sons (Giuliano, Piero and Giovanni) and his friends (Matteo Franco and Luigi Pulci)...”
                   
3. “In the background is Florence, with its most celebrated buildings: the Loggia dei Lanzia, the façade of Palazzo Vecchio with its solemn raised podium that was later replaced by the present-day flight of steps; the gilded Marzocco lion (symbol of Florentine democracy); a back-drop of houses in the far left-hand corner and a bell-tower (possibly that of San Piero Scheraggio) where the Uffizi would later be built. In the background is a bustling of small figures, citizens and curious onlookers, possibly an opening and closing of shutters and, in places, a glimmering of gold in the capitals and arch of the consistory hall...”   

Anti-gravity Atomic-powered Sun-fed Underground Woman of the Year 5000!

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1114

The woman in this picture is rising from her subterranean world in an anti-gravity atomic-powered crystaline homunuclus, flying out for shopping while being fed by sunbeam converters.  No doubt there’s something strange going on with earth three milennia in the future–since the Earth no longer supports vegetation, people live underground and eat the sun directly via sciencey voodoo.     

The artwork is provided by my newest favorite science fiction illustrator, Frank R. Paul, for the 26 August 1938 issue of The Family Circle.  And according to the elegant Paul-ophile website, the Frank R. Paul Gallery, the cover article is an interview with the artist, who goes into great detail (again, supplied by the Gallery site), about what exactly is going on in the cover illustration.  Without the explanation, I would not have been able to guess the meaning of the images.

Another bit of the cover: the blue ball is “solidified energy” of space-time headed into the sun; meanwhile, genius scientists hope that to cushion the exploded sun’s blow to earth by launching burned tired gases into the stratosphere.  The rubber gas cushion worked, except that it would up being pierced by a renegade energy blob which crashed into the Earth and via a great miracle cured the Depression.  I would not have guessed this.

Lastly, the guy at the bottom is not a mad scientist, but a Supreme Intelligence (as Paul tells us, he is denoted so by the "S I” on his chestplate, which evidently does not stand for “Sports Illustrated” or Staten Island”). I guess if the guy's intelligence was really supreme he could've figured out a way to show more than North and South America in the single hemisphere on the chestplate.

Strange Things in the Sky Department: Earth Bombarded from Mars

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1113

Earlier in this blog I wrote about odd, extraterrestrial extra Earths--double Earths (like this, for example "Extra-Earth Humano-Alien Souls from Outer Space Repopulate Earth-Hell!")--and then branched out to other strange things found in created skies.  This image would certainly classify:  its the cover art by the fabulous Frank R. Paul for Stanley D. Bell's "Martian Guns" found in the January 1932 issue of Wonder Stories.  There's really no way to determine how big the gun is except to say that it is probably "big"--there's just nothing to place the thing in perspective, as the figures in the foreground, being Martian, don't have a specific height.  They could be 6' tall, or 60'--perhaps they're only 1/10 of an inch tale, and the projectile they're firing to the earth is so devastatingly powerful that size doesn't matter.

We also have no idea of the used to get the projectile/bomb moving--the nature of the explosive--but it is probable that the resulting muzzle flash wouldn't look anything like what we're seeing here.  This depends on the available bits in the microgravity, but I think all that you'd see as a result of firing canon would be a very bright flash of light, and here would be no smoke. Plus lots of other obvious stuff, like, well, the Martians, though at least the gun isn't pointed directly at the Earth, which I think is just a function of fast work.  But no matter, this was 1932, and the specs don't matter, as this is, after all, science affliction. 

The destructive units are finding their targets, though; one seems to have found its mark around San Francisco, and another looks like it might be in France.   They're easy to spot, made so for the reader, finding their thousand-mile high smoke plume in a cloudless atmosphere and all. 
I'm sure it would've been an unsettling experience to the reader of the time.

Here's another odd bit, this one seeming to show an exploding Earth--the "exploding Earth" subcategory of the "Strange Things in the Sky" category being among the rarest of these sorts of images. This comes from the January 1932 issue of Science Wonder Stories, from the "Before the Asteroids" article by mechanical engineer Harl Vincent (1893-1968).

I can't find the text of the story, so I really don't know if this is the Earth being detonated or whether it is an asteroid--I prefer it to be the Earth, and the exploding thing doesn't look much at all like an asteroid.

[Mr. Vincent had a nice way of turning a title, some of which include ”Creatures of Vibration, ”The Copper-Clad World” , "Vulcan's Workshop” and Wanderer of Infinity” .]