Ptak Science Books

Relief in Capture: Churchill in Carthage and what 230,000 POWs Looks Like

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1046

[Continuing my series on Crowds--see here for example of WWI German prisoners in crowds; also search "crowds" in the google site search at left.]

Part of the campaign in North Africa during WWII was decided by a series of battles known as the Battle of Tunisia, or the Tunisia Campaign, fought from November 1942 to May 1943.  It was a long endgame for the Axis forces in Africa, Hitler losing hundreds of thousands of men, vast amounts of materiel, crapped out the Luftwaffe, spent tons

of oil, all in an effort that seemed to be a foregone conclusion save for the fighting.  It was not possible for the Germans (and Italians) to survive there, let alone win, given the great superiority of numbers and resources controlled by the Allies. Plus of course there was the whole Ultra Secret thing, which–though necessarily unknown to the Germans-–in great measure helped to deliver the North African victory.  The Allies were destined to win.

And in the last picture we see a far different crowd–the victorious Allies waiting on Winston Churchill to speak to them in an amphitheater in the ancient city of Carthage, just down the road a piece from Tunis.  Carthage has seen it fair share of winners and losers of the centuries (or the millenia), what with the Phoenicians and Hannibal and the Punic Wars and Roman conquest and rebuilding and on and on.  The amphitheaters of Carthage were renowned–great structures for what was perhaps the greatest metropolis of North Africa–bu they suffered from defeat as well, their fine fittings and metal and ornate sculpture looted with successive control. When Churchill rolled in there in 1943, there was little left to the structure save for the stone.

The stone, and all of those victorious soldiers.
And Mr. Churchill, of course.


The result of this series of battles ended up in May, these pictures showing what defeat looked like to 230,000 German and Italian prisoners, though the vast majority were German.  Its really a curious display of facial expressions in the  many dozens of details that can be lifted from these mass portraits. I’ll make an semi-reasonable statement–nobody really likes/wants to be taken prisoner in war, though I guess time and place and circumstance are factors that can loosen up that observation.  (Germans were much more interested in being captured by the Allies as they fled westward in Berlin and the rest of the country as the Soviets began making their own way towards the heart of Germany, for example.) Perhaps what looks like an element of relief in the close-ups of these prisoners really was that; that their time in the desert was simply expended, and that the prospect of their surviving the war had just been decided, positively.

[Brits raising their helmets at Carthage, waiting for Mr. Churchill.)

The 38-Star Displayed for Memorial Day

Rubber Fabulosity, Continued: Rubber Joy of 1947

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1045

In 1947 the American course of empire evidently led  directly to a rubber-sheeted bed on rubber mattresses surrounded by spectator chairs made of rubber.  Rubber here and rubber there, all brought to you by the United States Rubber Company¹ and their foam rubber product star, Koylon, whisking everyone into their spongey, foamy future..  All of this seems a little other-worldly, from the massive window treatments to inset bed to the color combinations to the weirdly-drawn woman making her way to an improbably-depicted double (rubber) bed.  Perhaps nothing spelled “comfort” more indignantly than the possibility of hosing down your bedroom every morning. 

It all looks a little scary to me, perhaps more for the lady (what is she holding behind her head?) than for the unexpected color usage.

(Have a look too at an earlier post here, "There Was A Rubber Lady in a Rubber Kitchen in a Rubber House...")

Notes

1. The  U.S. Rubber Company was one of the original twelve companies listed by Charles Dow in the very first iteration of the Dow Industrial Averages (26 May 1896).  USRC became Uniroyal in 1961.

Unintentionally and Quietly Absurd Images: Twilight Zone Advertising for 7Up

JF Ptak Science Books Post 1043

What,exactly, is going on in this photo?  Yes they're all helping to sell the delightful and refreshing pop soda called "7 Up", but there's something just off with each and every element.  

What is the story with the girl/woman on the trike, holding her bottle of pop as though it was the sudsy stuff?  She also must be at least 16 years old and looks a little possessed in having to wear those clothes in that pose.  She's staring into the chest of the kid at left, who for some reason is wearing a heavy and shiny green coat there in the basement rumpus room.  Manchild Junior takes careful aim with his big dart as dad sits staring at the dartboard, waiting for his eyes to collect the darts as though they were magnetic dust in his eyeball magnet.  Mom seems to be plasticized and propped up against the fireplace, her bottle at an odd angle used only for toasting.  In All of this extends to the bottle, which hasn't a single word on it, unless you cleave away the "up" from "7up"--there's just truncated words and an incongruous woman in a bathing suit on the label.

In short:  the photo has a low-suburban mid-creep distant-color affect, kind of like a human landscape version of a Joel Meyerowitz photograph.

Polywog Airmail of the Future

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1042

The booze-driven future as seen by Seagrams (written about earlier in this blog as Atomic-Powered Farms) that appeared in the pages of LIFE magazine from 1945 to 1947 were quixotically science fictiony in the waterproof-duck department brand of invention.  Most of Seagram's visions were goofy even though they all seem to have been serious statements on the future.  This example, the polywog air mail delivery system, seems to be as bad as any of them--worse even since the technology that the artist/designer was trying to circumvent was already far more sophisticated/logical/beneficial than this weird parachute delivery system for  the mail.  Once all the effort of packaging the mail into this contraption, retrieving it and then setting it up all over again for the next go is calculated, one would've been far ahead at all levels by just landing the bloody plane and getting rid of the mail.  That, or of course, just pushing the mail out in a container with a standard parachute also would've been a better solution than the one pictured. here. 

Obviously Seagrams didn't have their heart in futurology, except that which calculated the shortest possible time it would take to convince people to replace their empty Seagrams bottles. 

Overall, this is just simply a very bad idea, no matter where you are in the timeline. 

Selling the Memory of Missing Things: Camel Cigarettes, 1947

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1041

Here I think is another instance (following yesterday's post on "The Ineffable Religiosity of American Meat Memory") of tweeking the American consuming memory, an advertisement bringing out the recollection of past shortages to make the present consumer want the now-abundant item even more.  In this case that item is the cigarette--Camel cigarettes to be specific.  The ad correctly refers to the two-year-old memory of cig

shortage in the U.S.  Cigarettes became increasingly scarce during the war--soldiers were given smokes with their C-rations, exports increased, and so did general consumption.  At the beginning of 1940, 181 billion cigarettes were made in the U.S., with a per capita intake of 2,558 cigs a year; 1945 saw production spike to nearly double. By 1950, the production hit 370 billion, with the per capita use at 3,522 cigarettes a year, about a half-pack for everyone in the country.  In fact nearly half of the adult population smoked in 1950, making for more than a pack-a-day habit.  And it was Camels who lead the smokey way, comprising nearly 28% of all cigarette sales in the country (followed by Lucky Strikes and Chesterfields, their combined totals making another 42% of the market share).  In short, there were three giants who ruled the industry, and that for decades.  And before 1950, only 2% of all of those cigarettes had filters, so all of the harmful stuff got to the lungs cleanly.

Back to the ad--I'm sure that these hatted folks weren't smoking "whatever" they could get, especially with the cop standing at the front of the queue.  But in 1947 (the year this ad appeared in LIFE magazine advertising Camel cigarettes) the ciggie shortage experienced at the end of WWII was long dead and gone.  Camel just wanted to remind people of the craving for their missing cigarettes, especially the ones they enjoyed, and of course especially Camels.  The ad brought up the memory of smoking the off brands like Ramses and Pacayunes and how they tasted, and how "good" Camels were in comparison--and now one could buy Camels with reckless abandon, the freedom to consumer right to the edge of the grave. 

The advertising message pricked the American memory of shortage; the U.K. on the other hand was experiencing the real thing, with massive amounts of shortages of nearly everything (from petrol to medicine to white linen), and queues and ration books were supplied to deal with the real problem.

A "real" line in London, 1947, for food::

Alpha & Omega Department: Leashed Women

JF Ptak Science Books   (Picture Post)

This would also go nicely with my 200'-Tall Woman post, making the long and short of things and rounding out the other end of the spectrum for the greatest difference in hemline-to-ankle distance.

 

The Ineffable Religiosity of American Meat Memory: PREM, 1947

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1040                                                 

The category of the specialty meat, the meat that both is and isn’t meat, is one that holds a particularly high place in the religico-belief system of consumption in America—and particularly so in the historical American meat memory.  For it is here, in this very purply ad in LIFE magazine in July 1947 that we find a reminder for a meat product being sold as such, printed with the statement that the meat is being sold with meat in it, which is odd because it suggests the rejoinder that the opposite is true, too.

The ad is magnificent in its own special way, falling just short of  reading “Prem Meat: Now with MEAT!”.

The adipose-y Prem meat-like clone sprung from the mind of Elmer Gantry-looking Joe Hormel,  who I wrote about earlier in this blog under the title “Spam, Smeat, Spic, Prem, Mor & Arf: Food by Any Other Name”.   Prem was a Spam-like product, a waste-meat issue of food that was packaged as a molded solution for the lower-middle-class American family.  The belief in Prem and such things as meatfood must’ve been strong; I doubt that anyone who had the remotest imagination would have thought of it as an adhered-jell byproduct which nearly ended its life on the slaughterhouse floor waste grate before it was thought of as something that could be scrubbed off the metal grid, loaded with other extreme leftovers, loved up with coloring, solidifiers, sugars, preservatives and flavorings and then sold as an ingestable commodity.  The romance of Prem is lost if you drain it of its belief system and expose it as the salvaged refuse bin material that it was. 

As a 20-year vegetarian I’m strangely attracted to these ads, just as I would be any other piece of quackery from the sciences or medicine. These odd meat things were fortified with splashy store displays and crisp metal packaging.  It certainly looked okay in the pictures; could digestive goodness be far behind?

The other bit that runs far and wide through LIFE that reminds Americans that the meat that they are eating is meat  , red meat, and the RED MEAT ads--these things are incredibly red, and big, and make quite the bloody splash considering that the ads were about 14 inches tall. 

Anyway, reminding someone that they were eating more of their memory than the actual thing itself seems as though it would've opened more dangerous doors to unsavory discussions rather than closed them--but close them they did, as the new-old memories posted by these ads seem to have worked their sensate magics.

Dis-inventing the Left-Hand Turn--City Planning with Le Corbusier

JF Ptak Science Books  Post 1038

Somebody must’ve invented the automotive right-hand turn, and someone too must’ve come up with the idea of dis-inventing the left-hand turn–for the sake of this post and brevity that person might as well have been Le

Corbusier.  I know that city planners and traffic engineer types must’ve been working on the idea of how to push new traffic through old city streets, and the notion of making traffic not cross against itself must’ve come fairly early on, but I just offhand don’t know when.  It makes sense to me to not have cars make left-hand turns against oncoming traffic–it adds immeasurably (?) to the gas guzzling stop-and-go adventures in driving, the chain reaction of so many cars stopping and piling up behind one solitary driver waiting to make a left-hand turn against a stream of oncoming cars is just enormous.  Restricting the left-hand-turn to three right turns would slash the waiting/idling business and allow traffic to proceed quicker. (In a similar line of thinking my friend Richard Rudman from New Zealand points out that studies prove that restricting highway lane changes also makes enormous sense as well–it gets people to were they’re going quicker and with greater fuel economy if the flow isn’t interrupted by constant starts and fits of changing lanes.)            

Further on in The Radiant City we find this visual encyclopedia of right-handed turns:

And so we come to this plan, a part of the 1930's Radiant City of Le Corbusier.  It is a section of a series of “horizontal skyscrapers”, “Cartesian (works) in steel and glass”, 220 meters tall buildings set in 400 meter square sections.  All of the architecture aside, the street plan is what interests me–all of the traffic here in this section of the Radiant City is in one direction along streets that are largely lacking right angles.  Elsewhere in the book Le Corbu presents his ideas for intersections for large cities–all of the designs remove the cross-traffic turn, keeping traffic flowing without those series of infinite stops.

I’ve not been a very big fan of this man, but this is the stuff that seems to make sense to me. 

These ideas are also in vast contrast to the city plans of linear cities (which I wrote about earlier here), seen in the 1910 Chambless image (below) and the 1932 Popular Science city (below that).

It is also entirely different from the methods of dealing with traffic that were seemingly very popular in the early/first-third part of the century–massive 12-lane roadways, suspended garganutan affairs with traffic turning everywhere, some of which took place high in the air and in the interiors of massive skyscrapers. (Some of which I wrote about here.)

  

Imprisoned and Force-Fed Suffragists, 1910

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 1037 

{This is part of our History of Women series)

In January 1910 the Illustrated London News (perhaps sympathetically) reviewed the case of the forced feeding of a leading female suffragist--very forced, very forcible, feeding-tube-up-the-nose-and-into-the-stomach forcible, the work of a grappling prison doctor and assistants.  The full-page illustration was entitled:

"Forcible Feeding Through the Nose of Women Suffragist Prisoners"

and then pointing out:

 "Pronounced as dangerous by many Leading Members of the Medical Profession..."

It is the story of medical indulgence and state insistence of not recognizing any displays of independence while imprisoned--feeding a woman against her will, a  woman prisoner at the hands of what sounds to be cruel warders and an insistent doctor. The woman in question was Lady Contance Lytton (b. 1869, imprisoned in disguise as "Jane Warton") in Walton Goal, 

 

  

Liverpool. She was arrested and placed there for minor offenses to the civil code while protesting for the rights of women to vote in England. She carried her struggle further in jail, doing about the only thing she had left to do while she was put away--make herself into a political statement by refusing to eat or ingest  liquids.  Walton Goal would have none of it, and resisting the entreaties of professionals, decided to feed the woman themselves at whatever cost.  The doctor who administered the fluid evidently sat on her knees and slapped her until the Lytton's resistance failed. My guess is that the white cloth covering her in the photo is not for drips and drops, but was used to cover restraints--I hardly think that the two female attendants would've been able to hold down Lady Lytton's arms by themselves, especially in that posed posture. There are three other accounts of women being bound, restrained, held by wardresses, and in general being badly treated.  (There is a continuation of the story of Lytton, below.)

The vote did not come until 1918 with the Representation of the People Act, which in June 1917 passed the House of Commons and which went through the House of Lords in February of the next year, granting full enfranchisement to all women (over the age of thirty. This is about two years before American women were given the right to vote--on August 26, 1920--and 25  years after women won the vote in New Zealand, which again was first on the scene like it has been so many times). Lady Lytton would do badly in prison after this, suffering a heart attack and then a stoke by 1911, and never really recovered--she was half-paralyzed , was hardly robust, and wound up in her grave in 1923, aged 54.

The Story of Lady Constance Lytton:

"I was visited by the Senior Medical Officer, who asked me how long I had been without food.  I said I had eaten a buttered scone and a banana on Friday about midnight.  He said, "Oh, then, this is the fourth day; that is too long, I must feed you at once."

"He urged me to take food voluntarily.  I told him that was absolutely out of the question, that when our legislators ceased to resist letting women vote then I should cease to resist taking food in prison.

"Two of the guards took hold of my arms, one held my head and one my feet.  The doctor leaned on my knees as he stooped over my chest to get at my mouth.   I shut my mouth and clenched my teeth.  He seemed annoyed at my resistance and he broke into a temper as he plied my teeth with the steel implement.  He dug his instrument down and it pressed fearfully on the gums.  The pain of it was intense and at last I must have given way for he got the gag between my teeth, when he proceeded to turn it much more than necessary until my jaws were fastened wide apart, far more than they would go naturally.

"Then he put down my throat a tube which seemed to me much too wide and was something like four feet in length.  The irritation of the tube was excessive.  I choked the moment it touched my throat until it had got down.   Then the food was poured in quickly; it made me vomit a few seconds after it was down and the action of my sickness made my body and legs double up, but the guards instantly pressed back my head and the doctor leaned on my knees.  The horror of it was more than I can describe.  I was sick over the doctor and the guards ...

"When the doctor had gone out of the cell, I lay quite helpless.   The guards were kind and knelt round to comfort me, but there was nothing to be done.  I had been sick over my hair, all over the wall near my bed, and my clothes seemed saturated with it, but the guards told me they could not give me a change that night as the office was shut.

"Before long I heard the sounds of the forced feeding in the next cell to mine.  It was almost more than I could bear, it was Elsie Howey.  When the ghastly process was over and all quiet, I tapped on the wall and called out at the top of my voice, which wasn't much just then, "No surrender," and there came her reply, "No surrender."

-- above taken from "Eyewitness to History" by John Carey, 1987, Avon Books, page 423