Books offered by JF Ptak Science Books LLC: List 8: Selections from the Computer History Stock

Machines that Almost Think: Automatic Telephone Exchanges". London: Illustrated London News, 1922. 1 4to. Fine condition. "Eliminating the Human Factor from Telephone Exchanges: a Rapid Mechanical System that Saves Labour and Mistakes....the Fleetwood Relay Automatic Switchboard". Switching technology was an absolutely integral development ie history of the development of the computer. (Book ID 22810) $275.00

Synthesis of Electronic Computing and Computing Controls. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952. 1st edition. 4to. Synthesis of Electronic Computing and Computing Controls, by “the Staff of the Computation Laboratory”, Harvard University Press, Harvard Annals of Computation #27, 1951, (first edition, revised, 1952). Fine copy in a good (only) dustjacket. In this work the staff of the Computation Laboratory sought to address the problem of “adequate mathematical methods for the investigation of the functional behavior of electronic control circuits” which “ represented the largest single obstacle to the rapid development of the subject…” (quotes from the preface by Howard Aiken). “The IBM ASCC or the Harvard Mark I was the first of a series of four computers associated with Howard Aiken. Mark I and Mark II were electromagnetic, using relays but Mark III and Mark IV had a variety of electronic components including vacuum tubes and solid-state transistors. Of the four, Mark I was the most memorable because it produced such reliable results and could run continuously for twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. The Mark III was the first computer to appear on the cover of Time magazine”. (http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/50th/MarkIII.Time.jpg) John A.N. Lee, from IEEE Annals of the History of Computing The lines of computing machines that had their origin in the days immediately preceding World War II include a series of calculators Howard Aiken, a professor of applied mathematics at Harvard University, designed. Starting with the Mark I in 1944, Aiken spearheaded an effort that provided not only the physical means of computation but also the tools to direct them and the people to operate them. The third in this sequence of machines was an innovation in design and implementation, while at the same time being conservative in the selection of components. The Harvard Mark III Calculator had the potential to be a significant entry into the field of computing, but events slowed its completion until competitors finished other markedly superior systems. The Mark III was not a machine that would be emulated or replicated beyond its lifetime, but the people who planned it, built it, programmed it, and operated it went on to make significant contributions to the science and practice of computing. (Book ID 22760) $200.00

Hagelin, . The Hagelin Cryptographers, an Analysis, CONFIDENTIAL. New York: Ericsson Telephone, 1942. 28pp Very good condition. Mimeographed sheets, stapled. Confidential. 11x8, 19pp. Offset, typed document. Stamped "Accessions Division, Nov 11, 1942, Library of Congress". With an accompanying cover letter with the rubberstamp of Ericsson Telephone, Sales Corp, NYC., and dated July 3, 1942. This is a general report on the origin, development and status of the Hagelin "cryptographers"-a word used here to describe the physical machines (rather than the people working on codes). Sections in the document include "Models Built at Express Demand of the French Authorities", "Evolution of Hand Cryptographer Type C-362", "Hagelin Cryptographer Models" (BC-38 and C-362), "Methods of Operation", "Superiority of Hagelin Cryptographers over Competing Makes", and others, including a final section "How to Sell Cryptographers". There is a mention of the "Enigma" machine on page 14, which is limited to mentioning that it is not sold outside of Germany. Although the Swiss firm founded by Boris Hagelin has manufactured, and continues to manufacture, many kinds of cipher machines, the words "Hagelin machine" will normally inspire thoughts of their unique lug and pin based machines. The basic principle of a Hagelin lug and pin machine is easy enough to describe. In the C-38, used by the U.S. Army as the M-209, six pinwheels, with 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 26 positions on them, can be set by the user with an arbitrary series of pins that are active. For every letter enciphered, all the pinwheels rotate one space. The combination of active and inactive pins is presented to a cage with 27 sliding bars. Each bar has two sliding lugs on it, which can be placed either in a position where it is inactive, or in a position corresponding to any of the pinwheels, so that it will slide the bar to the left, if the pin currently presented by that pinwheel is active. The number of lugs sticking out rotates the cipher alphabet against the plaintext alphabet. The two alphabets used are just the regular alphabet, and the alphabet in reverse order, from Z back to A. This meant that encipherment was reciprocal, although the machine still had a switch to select encipherment or decipherment: this determined if the machine printed its output in five letter groups, or if it translated one letter, chosen by the user, to a space. The C-52, a postwar version of the Hagelin lug and pin machine, added an extra five sliding bars to the cage that, instead of moving the cipher alphabet, caused the stepping of the pinwheels to be irregular. The first pinwheel always moved, but the remaining five pinwheels only moved when their corresponding bars were slid to the left. The six pinwheels were labelled A, B, C, D, E, and F from left to right; bar 1 controlled pinwheel B, bar 2 pinwheel C, and so on. Also, on the C-52 the lugs could be moved from bar to bar, and the six pinwheels were chosen from a set with lengths 25, 26, 29, 31, 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 46, and 47. Using the pinwheels with lengths 34, 38, 42, 46, 25, and 26 allowed one to achieve compatibility with the C-36: provided one also turned off the irregular pinwheel stepping feature. The alphabet always started from its normal position, instead of the position last used, before being rotated by the projecting slide bars. This was perhaps the machine's main weakness, as it made attacks based on frequency counts of displacements possible, but it was perhaps unavoidable, since there was always a slight possibility of occasional mechanical errors. Particularly as the machines were often used on battlefields. (Book ID 20195) $1,750.00

Allan, Marquand. A New Logical Machine. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Science, 1886. 1st edition. Proceedings of the AAAS, Vol XIII, PArt II 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Good or better condition. We offer a binding copy of second half of the journal, pp 247-571. The Marquand contribution occupies pp 303-307 with one photographic plate of the apparatus. Wikipedia: Allan Marquand (1853-1924) was an art historian at Princeton University and a curator of the Princeton University Art Museum. After graduating from Princeton in 1874, Allan obtained his Ph.D. in Philosophy in 1880, at the Johns Hopkins University. His thesis, supervised by Charles Peirce, was on the logic of Philodemus. He returned to Princeton in 1881 to teach Latin and logic. During the 1881-82 academic year, Marquand built a mechanical logical machine that is still extant (picture at the Firestone Library); he was inspired by related efforts of William S. Jevons in the UK. In 1887, following a suggestion of Peirce's, he outlined a machine to do logic using electric circuits. This necessitated his development of Marquand diagrams. According to Lavin (1983: 8), the President of Princeton, McCosh, deemed "unorthodox and unCalvinistic" Marquand's relatively mathematical approach to the teaching logic, an approach he had learned at Peirce's feet. Hence in 1883, Marquand was offered a position teaching art history, a position he held until his death... +++See: "W. Stanley Jevons, Allan Marquand, and the Origins of Digital Computing" IEEE Annals of the History of Computing archive, Volume 21 , Issue 4 (October 1999)Pages: 21 - 27. (Book ID 22908) $750.00

Alt, Franz. A Bell Telephone Laboratories Computing Machine--I+II. Washington DC: National Research Council, 1948. 1st edition. Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation, III/21 Original printed wrappers. Very good condition. We offer the two issues of MTAC, with the complete article by Dr. Alt occupying pp 1-13 and 69-84. SCARCE. "Between 1937 and 1946 engineers and scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories built a number of digital relay computers, among the first working programmable machines anywhere. Their experience with the technology of switching-that second aspect of telephony-was the basis for Bell's entry into digital computing. But the first aspect-the transmission of analog voice signals-played a role too, as we shall see. The invention of the computer at Bell Laboratories, like its invention elsewhere, resulted from a convergence of technical skill, social need, and talent. Those preconditions were there by the mid-1930's. It remained for one of Bell's employees, Dr. George Stibitz, to serve as the catalyst to bring them together." Reckoners, Bell Labs, page 0074 http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Reckoners-ch-4.html ....+++On Franz Alt: Dr. Franz L. Alt (born 1910 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian born American mathematician who made major contributions to computer science in its early days. Franz Alt grew up in Austria and received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Vienna in 1932, researching set-theoretic topology and logical foundations of geometry. He left Austria for the United States after the 1938 Anschluss. An avid skier, he served in the U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division during World War II reaching the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war, he worked on the ENIAC and other Army computing projects; later he worked in the Computing Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards, and eventually at the American Institute of Physics. He is best known as one of the founders of the Association for Computing Machinery, having served as its president from 1950 to 1952; he also wrote one of the first books on digital computers, Electronic Digital Computers (Academic Press, 1958). (Book ID 22907) $750.00

Babbage, Charles. Letter to Sir Humphrey Davy on the Application of Machinery to Calculate and Print Mathematical Tables. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Review, 1834. The Edinburgh Review, July, 1834, No. CXX. 8vo. Letter to Sir Humphrey Davy.on the application of Machinery to Calculate and Print Mathematical Tables by Charles Babbage WITH On the Application of Machinery to the Calculation of Astronomical and Mathematical Tables by Charles Babbage WITH Address to the Astronomical Society by Henry Thomas Colebrooke on presenting the first gold Medal of the Society to Charles Babbage Esq. For the invention of the Calculating Machine WITH On the determination of the General Term of a new Class of Infinite Series by Charles Babbage WITH On Errors common to many Tables of Logarithms by FULL TITLE: "Charles Babbage, WITH On a Method of Expressing by Signs the Action of Machinery by Charles Babbage, WITH Report by the Committee appointed by the Council of the Royal Society to consider the subject referred to in a Communication received by them from the Treasury, respecting Mr. Babbage"s Calculating Engine and to report thereupon" In the Edinburgh Review, July 1834, Volume LIX, no. 120, pp 263-327, illustrated. We offer the entire volume of 545pp. Bromley, "Table making and calculating engines," in "General introduction" to The Works of Charles Babbage, ed. Michael Campbell-Kelly (London: William Pickering, 1982), pp. 22-27. Origins of Cyberspace 51. (Book ID 22843) $1,000.00

Bardeen, J. Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action. Lancaster, Pa: Physical Review, 1949. 1st edition. The Physical Review, Vol 75, Second Series, No. 8 8vo. Printed wrappers. Fine condition. This is the entire green-wrappered issue for April 15, 1949; work for which Bardeen shared the Nobel Prize for physics in 1972. Save for a little wear and a pinhole in the spine, this is a fine (+) copy--really a nice, bright copy of a significant and important paper by Bardeen and Brattain. ///*** The American Physical Society abstract for this article, from the APS website: The transistor in the form described herein consists of two point-contact electrodes, called emitter and collector, placed in close proximity on the upper face of a small block of germanium. The base electrode, the third element of the triode, is a large area, low resistance contact on the lower face. Each point contact has characteristics similar to those of the high back-voltage rectifier. When suitable d.c. bias potentials are applied, the device may be used to amplify a.c. signals. A signal introduced between the emitter and base appears in amplified form between collector and base. The emitter is biased in the positive direction, which is that of easy flow. A larger negative or reverse voltage is applied to the collector. Transistor action depends on the fact that electrons in semiconductors can carry current in two different ways: by excess or conduction electrons and by defect "electrons" or holes. The germanium used is n-type, i.e., the carriers are conduction electrons. Current from the emitter is composed in large part of holes, i.e., of carriers of opposite sign to those normally in excess in the body of the block. The holes are attracted by the field of the collector current, so that a large part of the emitter current, introduced at low impedance, flows into the collector circuit and through a high impedance load. There is a voltage gain and a power gain of an input signal. There may be current amplification as well. The influence of the emitter current, Ie, on collector current, Ic, is expressed in terms of a current multiplication factor, ÃŽÂ±, which gives the rate of change of Ic with respect to Ie at constant collector voltage. Values of ÃŽÂ± in typical units range from about 1 to 3. It is shown in a general way how ÃŽÂ± depends on bias voltages, frequency, temperature, and electrode spacing. There is an influence of collector current on emitter current in the nature of a positive feedback which under some operating conditions may lead to instability. The way the concentrations and mobilities of electrons and holes in germanium depend on impurities and on temperature is described briefly. The theory of germanium point contact rectifiers is discussed in terms of the Mott-Schottky theory. The barrier layer is such as to raise the levels of the filled band to a position close to the Fermi level at the surface, giving an inversion layer of p-type or defect conductivity. There is considerable evidence that the barrier layer is intrinsic and occurs at the free surface, independent of a metal contact. Potential probe tests on some surfaces indicate considerable surface conductivity which is attributed to the p-type layer. All surfaces tested show an excess conductivity in the vicinity of the point contact which increases with forward current and is attributed to a flow of holes into the body of the germanium, the space charge of the holes being compensated by electrons. It is shown why such a flow is to be expected for the type of barrier layer which exists in germanium, and that this flow accounts for the large currents observed in the forward direction. In the transistor, holes may flow from the emitter to the collector either in the surface layer or through the body of the germanium. Estimates are made of the field produced by the collector current, of the transit time for holes, of the space charge produced by holes flowing into the collector, and of the feedback resistance which gives the influence of collector current on emitter current. These calculations confirm the general picture given of transistor action. (Book ID 20757) $1,750.00

Berkeley, Edmund. Computers & Automation. NYC: Berkeley, 1953-1954. 1st edition. Cloth. Harvardâ€™s Edmund Berkeleyâ€™s (â€™30) Computers and Automation volume 2+3, 1953 and 1954. A Very Early, Semi-theoretical, Practical, and Computer Applications Journal. Published by Edmund Berkeley & Associates, NYC. 1953-1954. 10 Â¾ x 8 Â½â€. 189 issues. Bound in blue buckram. Ex-library (but hardly so) from the U.S. Air Force. Volume 2 has all of the original outer wrappers bound in; volume 3 (with the exception of the first issue) does not have the outer wrappers. FINE condition. Contributors include: Grace Hopper, Margaret Harper, Alston Householder, A.D. Booth, Bar-Hillel, Elliot Gruenberg, Isaac Asimov, and others. Subjects include: The ERA 1103 computer, NIMWIT, Applications of the Computer, what the computer *is*, Hopperâ€™s compiler, mechanical translation, Harperâ€™s subroutines, the cost of coding, computer â€œself-repairâ€, automation at Ford, and so on. Also includes perhaps the earliest announcement of the first all-transistor computer (October 1954, IBMâ€™s â€œnew experimental transistorized computerâ€ , the earliest (?) printing of Asimovâ€™s Three Laws of Robotics in a scientific journal, and more. This journal started out in volume 1 as â€œThe Computing Machinery Fieldâ€, and was issued 6 times in the initial year. Volume 2/2 finds the journal with a new name,. â€œComputers and Automationâ€. Beginning with volume three there were ten issues per year. The name changes again in September 1953 to â€œComputers and Automation, Cybernetics, Robots, Automatic Controlâ€. All issues have some fair space devoted to advertising, even though the issues generally ran between 32 and 40pp. The founding editor, Edmund C. Berkeley, was a real-enough mathematician, engineer and computer pioneer, but he also had a pretty large taste for making these interests pay. He was not averse to being somewhat outr3e with his journalâ€”in addition to having contributors like Grace Hopper and Alton Householder, he also had Fletcher Pratt and Isaac Asimov writing some pretty arresting pieces from the SciFi/Futurama point of view. According to the first issue, approximately 1200 people were on the mailing list for the journal, with around 2000 issues being printed each number. All told, this is not a large print run, and thus not many of the early issues have survived. A Note on the Advertisements: in short, theyâ€™re wonderful. For example, on the back cover of vol2/1 is Edmund Berkeley & Associates â€œSMALL ROBOTSâ€, advertising â€œSimon, the Mechanical Brainsâ€, â€œSquee, the Robot Suirrelâ€, and other gadgets. To give you an example the other ads in this issue alone are for â€œThe Circle Computerâ€, â€œGeneral Ceramics Ferramic Coresâ€, â€œMagnetic Metals Co. Amplifier Coresâ€, Ross Ashbyâ€™s â€œDesign for a Brainâ€, Consolidated Engineeringâ€™s SADIC System, Monroe Calculatorâ€™s Monrobot Electronic Calculator, George Philbrickâ€™s â€œComputor (sic) productsâ€, and a lovely two-page spread for Remington Rand.. Further into the year are ads for Burroughs, IBM (604 ands 607), Electronic Associates Inc, Prokar capacitors, Each section generally has three of the following categories (per issue) : computer glossary, roster of member organizations, whoâ€™s who, an annotated books and journals section, Includes: Volume 2/1, January 1953. 45pp. Householder, A.S. Brains, Electronic and Otherwise Williams, S.B. (President, ACM) What Computers Do. Murphy, E.F. and E.C. Berkeley. Automatic Computers on Election Night. Volume 2/2 , March 1953. 37pp. Boehm, George A.W. Gypsy, Model VI, Claude Shannon, Nimwit and the Mouse Paynter, Henry. Water and Computers, Berkeley. The Concept of Automation. Berkeley (with Neil Macdonald, Berkeleyâ€™s other name). The ERA 1003 Automatic Computer. Volume 2/3, April 1953. 40pp. Pratt, Fletcher. The Art of Solving Secret Ciphers and the Digital Computer. Berkeley, Ed. Avenues for Future Development in Computing Machinery. Hegedus, Gene J. Hungarian Prelude to Automation.. **Volume 2/4. May 1953. 33pp. Grace Murray Hopper. Compiling Routines. Booth, A.D. Mechanical Translation. Stone, Marshall. Medical Diagnosis. And, an Automatic Computer List. --one of the very earliest accessible reports on the compiler. Volume 2/5. July 1953. Yehosuha Bar-Hillel. Machine Translation. Boehm, George A.W. Robot Traffic Policemen. Flesch, Rudolf. How to Talk to Computers. Volume 2/6. September 1953. Fortuna, Tommaso. The Soviet Union: Automatic Digital Computer Research. Wainwright, Lawrence,. Digital Computer Questionnaire. DISCUSSION: â€œHow to Talk About Computersâ€, with GG Hawley, Samuel Scharff, C.B. Crumb, and EC Berkeley. ALSO: Roster of Organizations Making Components And a supplement to the Roster of Organizations in the field of computers and automation. Volume 2/7. October 1953. 36pp. Brown, David W. Computers in the Factory Macdonald, Neil (Berkeley). The Flood of Automatic Computers. Berkeley. The Meeting of the ACM, September 1953. Volume 2/8. November 1953. 40pp. Carr, John W. III. Who Will Man the New Digital Computers? Cooley, E.F. Electronic Equipment Applied to Periodic Billing. Hagen, Glenn. Air-Floating: a New Principle in Magnetic Recording of Information. Volume 2/9 December 1953. 36pp. Clippinger, Richard. How a Central Computing Laboratory can Help Industry. Wiseman, R.T. â€œCombinedâ€ Operations in a Life Insurance Company instead of â€œfractured operationsâ€. Rogers, J.L. and Householder. Can Machines Think? Also, a computing terms glossary. Volume 3/1. January 1954. 28pp. Householder, A.S. The End of an Epoch: the Joint Computer Conference, Washington DC, December 1953. Perry, Joseph E. Report of the Committee on Electronics for the Savings and Mortgage Division, American Bankers Association. Pratt, Fletcher. Automation in the Kitchen. Volume 3/2. February 1954. 32pp. Macdonald, Neil. Language Translation by Machineâ€”a Report on the First Successful Trial. Gruenberg, Ernst L. Reflective Thinking in Machines Householder & Berkeley. Glossary of Terms un Computers and Automation. **Volume 3/3. March 1954. 32pp. Rock, Sibyl M. Towards More Automation in Petroleum Industries. Ashe, Geoffrey. Introducing Computers to Beginners. Harper, Margaret M. Subroutines: prefabricated Blocks for Building. Hopper, Grace Murray. Glossaries of Terns, Discussion. --Great paper here by Harper (see below). --Wonderful work by Hopper on replacing the word â€œprogramâ€ with â€œroutineâ€, and also for excising â€œmemoryâ€ (â€œone of the last remaining word from the â€˜Magic Brainâ€™ classâ€) with storage. This is almost worth the price of admission! Volume 3/4. April 1954. 32pp. Macdonald, Neil. Processing Information Using a Common Machine Language Gruenberg, E.L. The Concept of Thinking. Clark, Lawrence M. . General Purpose Robots. **Volume 3/5. May 1954. Gelhard, Ephraim. Ferrite Memory Devices. Pfanstiehl, Alfred. Flight Simulators. Gruenber, Elliot L. Autonomy and Self-Repair for Computers: a Symposium. Hopper, Grace Murray. A Glossary of Computer Technology. Volume 3/6. July 1954.36pp. Bridgewater, John. Human Factors in the Design of an Electronic Computer. Mcdonald, Neil. What is a Computer? The Electronic Juggler of the Reeves Instrument Company (with full-page schematic). Volume 3/7. September 1954. Macdonald, Neil. Computer Failuresâ€”Automatic Control Diagnosis (AID). Gotlieb, C.C. The Cost of Programming and Coding. The Development and Use of Automation by Ford Motor Corp. Volume 3/8. October 1954. 32pp. Pfanstiehl, Alfred. Flight Simulatorsâ€”a New Field. Asimov, Isaac. Robots I Have Known. --The Asimov piece is only two pages long but it does contain what is I think the earliest publication of the Three Laws of Robotics in a scientific periodical! **Volume 3/9. November 1954. Gill, Stanley. Computers in Great Britain. Nolan, John E. Analog Computers and their Applications to Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, I. Patterson, George B. Assembly Line Control by Punch Cards. Macdonald, Neil. All-transistor Computer. --This seems to be the first publication containing an entry and photographic description of the new IBM experimental all-transistor computer. Volume 3/10. December 1954. Pratt, Fletcher. The Human Relations of Computers and Automation. Nolan, John E. Analog Computers and heir Application to Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow II. Dumey, Harold I. Economies in Design of Incomplete Selection Circuits with Diode Elements. ALSO a 15pp cumulative glossary of computer terms. [SOLD]

Burks, Arthur. An Analysis of a Logical Machine Using Parenthesis-Free Notation. Washington DC: National Research Council, 1954. 1st edition. Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation, VIII/Number 46 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Very good condition. This article is by Burks with Don Warren and Jesse Wright--we offer the entire issue for April 1954 in the original, scarce, wrappers. The other contributions to this issue include: Arthur W. Burks and Don W. Warren and Jesse B. Wright An Analysis of a Logical Machine Using Parenthesis-Free Notation . . . 53--57 Oliver Gross Polynomial-Like Approximation . . .58--60 Daniel Shanks A Logarithm Algorithm . . . 60--64 George B. Dantzig and Wm. Orchard-Hays The Product Form for the Inverse in the Simplex Method . . . 64--67 Gertrude Blanch On Modified Divided Differences II . . . 67--75 Andrew D. Booth Technical Developments: The Development of A.P.E.(X).C. (in Automatic Computing Machinery) . . . (Book ID 22904) $450.00

Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think". New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1945. 1st edition. Original printed wrappers. Fine condition. Extremely Rare. (We have never seen the offprint of this paper, nor is it contained in the major collections of Computer History, nor is it contained in the Library of Congress Collections, nor in the National Union Catalog, nor in the World/Cat Database, nor in the collections of the Charles Babbage Institute, nor in Bush’s archives at M.I.T.. We have also contacted the editors at the Atlantic Monthly Magazine who have stated that they receive requests for copies of this article "all the time" and that it is their "most requested article for reprint", and that they have no knowledge of offprints having been done.) FINE copy. Bush Background: Bush did his undergraduate work at Tufts College, where he later taught. His master's thesis (1913) included the invention of the Profile Tracer, used in surveying work to measure distances over uneven ground. In 1919, he joined MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering, where he stayed for twenty-five years. In 1932, he was appointed vice-president and dean. At this time, Bush worked on optical and photocomposition devices, as well as a machine for rapid selection from banks of microfilm. Further positions followed: president of the Carnegie Institute in Washington, DC (1939); chair of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (1939); director of Office of Scientific Research and Development. This last role was a presidential appointment which made him responsible for the 6,000 scientists involved in the war effort. During World War II, Bush worked on radar antenna profiles and the calculation of artillery firing tables. The mathematics involved was complicated and repetitive. Bush proposed the development of an analogue computer; this became the Rockefeller Differential Analyser. Unfortunately, his research was rendered obsolete by 1950 with the invention of the digital computer. It is ironic that one of the heroes of today's computer researchers was defeated in his own work by the predecessor of those selfsame computers. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) is the pivotal figure in hypertext research. His conception of the Memex introduced, for the first time, the idea of an easily accessible, individually configurable storehouse of knowledge. Douglas Engelbart and Ted Nelson were directly inspired by his work, and, in particular, his ground-breaking article, "As We May Think." Bush is famous for his Memex, publicized in the aforementioned article in Atlantic Monthly (1945) and most readily available in Nyce and Kahn. Yet this same article also contained descriptions of devices rarely cited. These include the Cyclops Camera: "worn on forehead, it would photograph anything you see and want to record. Film would be developed at once by dry photography;" advances in microfilm; a thinking machine (actually a mathematical calculator); and a vocoder, "a machine which could type when talked to" (87). As Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Dr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare. Some of the great internet developers who have recognized the importance of this paper by Bush include: Doug Englebart, would later write to Bush acknowledging the influence Bush's article had had on his own work. (Zachary, 267). J.C.R. Liklider "Computing's Johnny Appleseed," a well-deserved nickname for a man who planted the seeds of computing in the digital age, (Waldrop, 2000), Ted Nelson (Internet pioneer and coiner of the term “hypertext” and know as "one of the most influential contrarians in the history of the information age." (Edwards, 1997)) regards this effort by Bush as a foundation stone of the internet (Zachary, pg 399). References Bush, V. (1945) As We May Think. Atlantic Monthly.Available at: :http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm. Edwards, O. "Ted Nelson" . Forbes ASAP, August 25, 1997. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/asap/97/0825/134.ht Waldrop, M. "Computing's Johnny Appleseed." Technology Review, Jan/Feb 2000. Available at: http://www.techreview.com/articles/jan00/waldrop.htm . SOLD

Caldwell, Samuel. Analogue and Special Purpose Computing Machines.. 1949. 1st edition. 8vo. Very good condition. Mimeograph sheets, stapled, "full text of Paper Given before the ACM, Oak Ridge, Tenn, April 18-20, 1949". Dated 15 July 1949. 8vo, 10pp. "There is no question that MIT faculty members Vannevar Bush and Samuel Caldwell had been the principal originators of analog computing in the 1920s and 1930s. Yet McCartney's assessment misses the fact that, soon after the end of the Second World War, the MIT administration made the decision to return a Rockefeller Foundation grant that was to have paid for the recommencement of its analog computing program. MIT went on instead to back the digital work then starting up in the Servomechanisms Laboratory and in the Research Laboratory for Electronics-from Wm Asprey's review of "The Two Unknowns…the ENIAC" (Caldwell is pictured with Bush, standing at left) In a letter to Weaver in the early of 1946, professor Samuel Caldwell of MIT's Electrical Engineering department and head of MIT's Center of Analysis not only criticized von Neumann's lack of appreciation of the engineering problems in building digital computers but also indicated that MIT had the "key men required for the theoretical, developmental, and engineering aspects of the problem." [Samuel Caldwell, letter to W. Weaver, cited in Karl L. Wildes and Nilo A. Lindgren, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Compute Science at MIT, 1882-1982, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1985, pp. 232-233.] In a letter to the staff of employees of Center of Analysis in early 1947, Caldwell wrote: "... in the field of electronic computation we entered the war among the leaders and emerged in a much less favorable position. ... resumption of our work in electronic computation development, at a greatly increased rate, stands as the largest and most important single item on our future development program."[Ibid., p.233.] (Book ID 22701) $1,250.00

Church, Alonzo. Mathemaitcal Logic, Lectures by Alonzo Church, Princeton University, October 1935-January 1936. Princeton: 1936. 1st edition. 124 leaves 4to. Original printed wrappers. Very good condition. This is the Library of Congress' copy, with the original mimeographed LC callcard laid in. +++Lecture notes of Church's class taken by six of his graduate students (Ficken, Landau, Ruja, Singleton, Steenrod, Sweer, Weyl) in the fall term of 1935 at the Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton. The following is an interview between William Aspray and Albert Tucker on the publication (so-called) of this work, taken from the Princeton University website on the Princeton mathematics community in the 1930's. Needless to say, Church was an enormous influence, changing the entire face of mathematical logic. (It should be noted to that A.M. Turing came to study with Church at Princeton and particualry in this course in the fall of 1935.) +++Notes were taken, often by an assistant to the professor. He was given the job of taking notes of the lectures, writing them up, and having them edited by the professor. Then these would be mimeographed, and the people in the course could for, say, a dollar or two subscribe to the notes, which would be turned out in batches a week or two at a time. At the end, if someone wanted to, the accumulated notes could be brought in, and we could send them somewhere to have them bound. I think there was a charge of 25 cents for binding. I have a whole drawer full of these notes. This is the way in which they were bound, and these were lectures by Alonzo Church. Now these notes [showing a set of notes] were taken cooperatively by, these are all graduate students. Aspray: So there are six or seven people ... Tucker: Yes, and perhaps two would take notes at the same time and put their notes togethe., Then at another time there would be another pair, and the duty was shared, because Church didn't have an assistant to do this. Aspray: I see. Tucker: So it was either done by an assistant, or it was done by volunteers from the class. I happen to have been put in charge of the mimeographing machine by Dean Eisenhart when I began as an instructor in 1933. The mimeographing machine was down in the basement of Fine Hall. Up until that point it had been used without any supervision. The result of this was that various things had gone wrong with the machine, and it was decided that it had to be supervised. Somehow this supervision of the machine turned into it being my job to coordinate all this note business. For the running of the machine we used student labor. At that time there was a federal program to aid students under the Works Progress Administration, an F.D.R. program. So students could be paid for operating the mimeographing machine, a dollar and a half an hour or something like that. The other problem was collating. This was usually done in the common room around the large table that was in the center of the common room. That table was large enough, more than large enough, to serve as a ping-pong table. And I've known occasions when it was used as a ping-pong table. The piles of page 1, page 2, page 3 would be put around that table. Then we would collect all of the graduate students or others around at that particular time and have a "sorting bee". A person would simply take up a copy of page 1, move on take a copy of page 2, and so we would circulate around the table. Each time you went around the table you had a full copy. So the only cost for these notes was the paper and ink. We charged enough, a dollar a copy, sometimes fifty cents a copy if the set of notes was not very great, to cover these incidental expenses. But these notes began to be known around the world, and we would get orders for the notes. We would often have to take the stencils and rerun them two or three times, until the stencils were too worn to make additional copies. We sold the copies outside Princeton for the cost in Princeton plus postage. And because of this business, we actually developed an order form that people could use to order copies. Before we realized it we were getting into business. The first change that was made was to change from mimeographing to lithoprinting. This was done along about 1937 or '38. There was an outfit at that time in Ann Arbor, Michigan by the name of Edwards Brothers that did lithoprinting of course-notes and that sort of thing for the whole country. They had a very efficient operation going there. So we had the course notes lithoprinted instead of mimeographed. We had to charge more for them, but we didn't have all the nuisance of doing it ourselves. Also there was the problem of storage, so we got the Princeton University Press to agree to store them for us. We gradually got them into the business of filling orders from the outside for a 25% commission. But it still seemed too haphazard, so in 1940 a new publication was started called Annals of Mathematics Studies. Here is one of these early Studies. This is Study Number Six, "The Calculi of Lambda Conversion", by Alonzo Church, 76 pages, $1.25. Done from pretty straight typing, nothing fancy, and we shipped off a typed master copy to Edwards Brothers. In due time they shipped back the number of copies that we had ordered. The minimum order that we used in those days was 200 copies, but it very often rose above that. They were priced so that if we sold the 200 copies we broke even.

Comrie, Leslie. The Application of Commercial Calculating Machines to Scientific Computing. Washington DC: National Research Council, 1946. 1st edition. Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation, II/16 Pp 149-196 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Very good condition. We offer this pamphlet in its original green wrappers for th emonth of )ct0ber 1946. Quite scarce thus. Comrie pioneered the use of commercial accounting machines in scientific applications, especially in the production of mathematical tables. The above article describes the first use of a punched-card tabulating system in a purely scientific application. The following on Comrie from Columbia University: Leslie J. Comrie, Ph.D, (1893-1950): astronomer and pioneer in mechanical computation, born in Pukekohe, New Zealand, and educated at Auckland University College, University College London, and Cambridge University, where he received a Ph.D. in astronomy [3]. Photo: 1932, from the Comrie obituary in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London. Like his American contemporary, Columbia University Astronomy Professor Wallace Eckert, Comrie was a pioneer in the application of punched-card machinery to astronomical calculations and the production of astronomical and mathematical tables: the first scientific use of these machines, which had been designed purely for business use. (Book ID 22903) $650.00

Curry, Haskel. On Composition of Programs for Automatic Computing.. Internal doc, Naval Ordnance Lab, 1949. Oblong 4to Very good condition. Curry, Haskell B. Early photostat of an unclassified, rare document for the Naval Ordnance Laboratory (Naval Ordnance Laboratory Memorandum 9805), 26 January 1949. ***This actually seems to be a collection of photographs of the document's pages rather than a photostatic copy*** “A Study…of the planning of computations with a view to shortening the process and to systematizing it so that more work can be done by less technically trained personnel or by machines [our highlighting]”. Stamped “File Copy, Navy Research Section, Scientific Division, Library of Congress, TO BE RETURNED”. Ex-library, Library of Congress. Rare. Haskell Curry was educated at Harvard and received a doctorate from Göttingen in 1930 for a thesis, supervised by Hilbert, entitled Grundlagen der kombinatorischen Logik. He taught at Harvard, Princeton, then for 35 years at Pennsylvania State University. During World War II Curry researched in applied physics at Johns Hopkins University. In 1966 he accepted the chair of mathematics at Amsterdam. Curry's main work was in mathematical logic with particular interest in the theory of formal systems and processes. He formulated a logical calculus using inferential rules. His works include Combinatory Logic (1958) (with Robert Feys) and Foundations of Mathematical Logic (1963). From the Penn State Site: “Penn State's first contribution to electronic computing was the work of Haskell Curry, an expert on symbolic logic. Curry worked on the first electronic computer, called ENIAC, while on leave from Penn State during World War II. Curry's research in the 1950s into the foundations of combinatory logic was applied in 1986 in the Mitre Corporation's Curry Chip, an innovative piece of computer hardware based on Curry's concept of "combinators." (Book ID 22759) $2,750.00

Eckert, Wallace J.. The IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator. Washington DC: National Research Council, 1948. 1st edition. Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation, III/23 Original printed wrappers. Very good condition. The contents of this issue includes: W. J. E. The IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator . . . 149--161 Herbert F. Mitchell, Jr. Inversion of a Matrix of Order $38$ . . 161--166 Herbert E. Salzer Coefficients for Expressing the First Thirty Powers in Terms of the Hermite Polynomials . . . 167--169 Anonymous Technical Developments (in Automatic Computing Machinery) . . . 206--206 R. E. Clippinger Airflow Problem Planned for the ENIAC (in Automatic Computing Machinery; Discussions) . . .. 206--207 Bruce L. Hicks and H. G. Landau Nonlinear Parabolic Equations (in Automatic Computing Machinery; Discussions) . . . 207--208 John V. Holberton Laminar Boundary Layer Flow in a Compressible Fluid (in Automatic Computing Machinery; Discussions) . . . 208--208 Joseph H. Levin On the Approximate Solution of a Partial Differential Equation on the Differential Analyzer (in Automatic Computing Machinery; Discussions) . . . 208--209 M. Lotkin Computation of the Airflow about a Cone Cylinder (in Automatic Computing Machinery; Discussions) . . . 209--210 Anonymous A New Class of Computing Aids (in Other Aids to Computation) . . . 217--221 Anonymous Corrigenda . . . 227--227 A description of the special-purpose wartime punched-card calculators originally developed by IBM for the United States Army. The first two machines of this type, were built during the war for the Aberdeen proving ground, were delivered in December 1944, and were in operation during the last eight months of the warâ€¦For comparison with the I.B.M. Sequence Controlled Calculator at Harvard this machine is limited in internal storage capacity, number of significant figures, and flexibility of sequencing; on the other hand, multiplying speed is about twenty times as great.â€ Hook and Norman, 579. (Book ID 22906) $750.00

elsasser, Walter. Elements of Theoretical Biology. Baltimore: (self published), 1981. 130pp Very good condition. This is basically a publication done "on demand" by Elsasser for his academic comrade-in-arms, the significant Harry Blum. +++There is a longish dedication/explanation to Blum by Elsasser in pencil across the title page+++The following bio is taken entirely from Wiki: "Walter Maurice Elsasser (born March 20, 1904, in Mannheim, Germany; died October 14, 1991, in Baltimore) was a physicist and is considered "father" of the geodynamo theory. Long before he became known for his geodynamo theory, while in Göttingen in the 1920s, he has suggested the experiment to test the wave aspect of electrons. This suggestion of Elsasser was later communicated by his senior colleague from Göttingen (Nobel Prize recipient Max Born) to physicists in England. This explained the results of the Davisson-Germer and Thompson experiments later awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1935, while working in Paris, Elsasser calculated the binding energies of protons and neutrons in heavy radioactive nuclei. Wigner, Jensen and Meyer received the Nobel in 1963 for work developing out of Elsasser's initial formulation. Elsasser therefore came quite close to a Nobel prize on two occasions. Over 1946-1947, Elsasser published papers outlining the theory that the Earth's electromagnetic field is powered by eddy currents at the planet's liquid core. This had been developed from around 1941 onwards, partly in his spare time during his scientific war service with the US Signal Corps. In his later years, Elsasser became interested in what is now called systems biology and contributed a series of articles to Journal of Theoretical Biology. The final version of his thoughts on this subject can be found in his book Reflections on a Theory of Organisms, published in 1987 and again posthumously with a new forward by Harry Rubin in 1998." (Book ID 23062) $500.00

Farnsworth, Philo T.. 1954 Workbook on the Invention of a new electronic piano and a new method of electronically recording creative musical c. Manuscript, 1954. 1st edition. 14 sheets Very good condition. 1954 Workbook on the Invention of a new electronic piano and a new method of electronically recording creative musical composition. 14 Carbon Sheets. 2pp cover letter typed and signed by Farnsworth. Original manuscript. Unique. Please call. This is a fabulous piece of work by Farnsworth on the application of a new technology-the digital computer-to the field of music (in specific) and to "creative workers" (in general). Farnsworth, who was recently selected as one of the Time Magazine 100 Most Influential Americans of the Twentieth Century, held numerous patents and is considered to be "the father of television", and whose statue is in the US Capitol. SOLD

Fung, Y.C.. Buckling of Thin-Walled Circular Cylinders under Axial Compression and Internal Pressure. Ramo-Wooldridge Corp, 1955. 1st edition. 35pp, plus 4pp appendix, + 5 orig photos 4to. Very good condition. Written with E.E. SEchler and printed for extremely limited internal distribution by the Aeromechanics Section of the Guided Missile Research Division of Ramo-Wooldridge. Ramo-Wooldridge is the "RW" of "TRW" (the "T" was for "Thompson"). The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation was named for SImon Ramo and a fellow California Institute of Technology doctoral classmate, Dean E. Wooldridge, and started in 1953. Ramo-Wooldridge provided technical advice and systems analysis to the first Air Force ballistic missile program which produced the Thor, Alas, and Titan missiles in a five to six-year time period from start to finish. The other company was Bunker-Ramo, a computer venture; Allied Corporation, now Allied Signal, acquired it in 1981. (Book ID 22503) $250.00

Goldstine, Herman. Numerical Mathematical Methods, I and II. Lecture 6 and Lecture 7 of the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1946/7. Printed wrappers. 11x8.5", mimeo/offset, typed and stapled. 10 July 1946 and 11 July 1946. These are part of the Extraordinarily Rare Moore School notes in the These are part of the extraordinarily and rare Moore School notes in the Original Condition! 7pp and 6pp. Very good condition. They were issued as part of a series of lectures that were given just 5 months after the dedication of the Moore School's ENIAC, co-invented by J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchley. (The ENIAC was constructed and dedicated at the Moore School and then removed for installation at the Aberdeen Proving Ground. Captain Herman H. Goldstein initiated the construction of the ENIAC for Aberdeen, and was an important and integral part of the Eckert/Mauchley partnership in planning the ENIAC beginning in 1943. He would also co-author a milestone paper with John von Neumann and Arthur Burks, help construct the EDVAC, the IAS computer, etc. $4,500 The Moore School The 48 Moore School lectures were held from July 8th to August 31st 1946, at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, under the auspices of the Office of Naval Research, U.S. Navy, and Ordnance Department, U.S. Army. They were designed to disseminate the current knowledge and progress in electronic computation, in which the Moore School was pre-eminent. The lecturers were drawn from all facets of computation, including the tradition of mathematical computation by hand, electro-mechanical computers (e.g. the Harvard Mark I), the ENIAC, and the design of the proposed new generation of stored-program electronic computers. Invitations to attend were extended to interested parties in the U.S. and beyond. 28 people attended from 20 different organizations, including Maurice Wilkes from the University of Cambridge and I.J. Good on behalf of Max Newman of the University of Manchester. The common pattern of the course was to have one (or sometimes two) of the 48 formal lectures in the morning, and to have informal seminars and discussions in the afternoon. Background The Moore School had become the centre for the development of electronic computation during the war. In 1942 an outpost of the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Centre was set up there, led by Lt. Herman H. Goldstine, to make extensive use of their two Bush Differential Analyzers. Staff were drafted in to the Moore School from other institutions, and the ENIAC project was started in 1943 to build the first large scale, programmable, purely electronic computer, primarily for the calculation of ballistic tables for the Ordnance Department of the U.S. Army. The idea of ENIAC derived from ideas circulated in the Moore School by J.W. Mauchly in 1942. The shortcomings of ENIAC as a general purpose computer were well understood before it was completed, but the design had to be frozen in order to produce a useable computer for the war effort as soon as possible. In the end ENIAC was not fully completed till the end of 1945, but work had already started on its successor for the Ordnance Department, named EDVAC, which was to be a stored-program computer. The "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC" was produced in June 1945. It was written by John von Neumann, based on the thinking of the ENIAC team, which von Neumann had recently joined. A progress report was produced in September 1945, which outlined a number of possible designs. Early in 1946 it was decided that the Moore School should start work as soon as possible on a small stored-program computer, to gain experience, and that the Institute for Advanced Study, at Princeton, should carry out a study for a large-scale comprehensive computer. A contract was signed for the Moore School project in April 1946, and by October the Moore School presented three possible detailed designs, of increasing sophistication, and a decision was made to produce a machine at the lower end of the range. The EDVAC designs were based on a Mercury Acoustic Delay Line ("MADL") memory. A preliminary report on the proposal for an IAS machine was produced in June 1946, by A.W. Burks, H.H. Goldstine and John von Neumann. This planned to use for its store the Selectron Tube being developed by RCA. This was the most suitable memory method proposed at the time, being electrostatic, with immediate access to any bit, and no periodic refreshing of the tube required. There were other organizations interested in building their own variation of the stored-program computer, for example the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. They were currently investigating a third method of storage, which was electrostatic, but based on the Cathode Ray Tube, as used in radar and television (in contrast to the Selectron, which was more like a multi-faceted vacuum tube); this required periodic refreshing, which was inconvenient. It was the proposed storage mechanism closest to the one that Williams and Kilburn got working. Note that by the summer of 1946 the top level of the ENIAC "team" had effectively broken up, with Eckert and Mauchly having formed their own company and von Neumann working on the design of the IAS machine, back at Princeton. The other major piece of design for a stored-program electronic digital computer at that time had been carried out by Alan Turing at the National Physical Laboratory near London. By the end of 1945 he had produced a detailed design for the proposed ACE computer, using a Mercury Acoustic Delay Line store. By the summer of 1946 he had produced a number of enhanced designs, and the NPL, who had no electronics personnel of their own, were looking around the U.K. for personnel to help build the design. By August 1946 they had approached Freddie Williams of TRE. He had recently visited the Moore School (but did not attend the Moore School Course), and showed interest in getting involved with computers. But in the end he declined the offer, preferring to concentrate on just trying to provide an effective store for use in computers, based on the Cathode Ray Tube he was so familiar with from his wartime work in radar. This was incompatible with the NPL project, as Turing's design was closely tied to the MADL storage mechanism and to overcoming its disadvantages. Also in the UK, by August 1946, Newman at Manchester had obtained a grant to build a computer, and Wilkes at Cambridge had decided to build one, based on the EDVAC principles and MADL storage. But neither had produced any significant design work. The Published Record Plans for the Moore School Course were only made within two months of the course starting. Wire recordings were made of each lecture, and lecturers were asked to produce a manuscript of the lecture, using the wire recordings if they wanted. These would be turned into a published version of the lectures. Some lecturers in fact rewrote the lecture for the manuscript version. Some took a long time to produce them. Some lecturers never did. Volumes I and II of the lectures were published by the Moore School in late 1947 (up to lecture 21). Volumes III and IV of the lectures were published on June 30th 1948. Pressure of work on the EDVAC meant it was not possible for the Moore School staff to provide summaries of the lectures (using the wire recordings) for all the missing manuscripts. The worst sufferer was Vol. IV, where 6 out of the 15 lectures have no record, and one has a two page summary by a member of the Moore School staff from the wire recording, plus a set of diagrams. The remaining records vary in length from about 4,500 words to 7,500. A book "The Moore School Lectures" was published by the MIT Press in 1985, edited by Martin Campbell-Kelly and Michael Williams. It contains the printed versions of the lectures, and has a brief introduction to each lecture by the editors. There is also other general background and commentary on other aspects of the course, in particular drawing material from the detailed notes made by one of the attendees, Frank M. Verzuh. The book also includes a description of a number of lectures given between lectures 41 and 42 by the ENIAC staff, at the request of the attendees. (Book ID 21321) $4,500.00

Hartree, Douglas. Calculating Instruments and Machines. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949. 1st edition. ix,138 Royal 8vo. Cloth. Very good condition. First Edition of a pioneering work in computing, based on a series of lectures given at the University of Illinois in 1948. The first four chapters are devoted to analogue devices, particularly differential analyzers, including a device the author constructed in 1934 from toy parts. Chapter 5 is devoted to digital computers, which the author clearly prefers. Chapter 6 describes Babbages machines, with a discussion of Lady Lovelaces 1843 paper. Chapter 7 is on the Harvard Mark I & II calculators. Chapter 8 discusses various projects in development, including magnetic drums and tapes, Boolean algebra for circuit analysis and flowcharts for programming. There are brief accounts of the plans for several machines, including EDVAC, UNIVAC, and Mark III. The last chapter is a perspective survey of the prospects for numerical analysis. Goldstine p.99. Randell p.136: Includes fairly extensive discussion of Babbages work, the Harvard Mark I, ENIAC and the I.B.M. Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator. (Book ID 22761) $500.00

HArtree, Douglas R.. Approximate Wave Functions and Atomic Field for Mercury.. American Physical Society, 1934. 1st edition. The Physical Review, 46(8), 15 OCtober 1934 Original printed wrappers. Fine condition. British physicist D.R. Hartree was the first to use an automatic calculator for problems in atomic theory. During the summer of 1933 he went to MIT and used Vannevar Bush's differential analyzer for the first stages of the computations for this article The work was a success, and on his return to England, he undertook with Arthur Porter the building of a model of the machine. We offer the entire weekly issue of the Physical Review in its original green wrappers, with the Hartree article occupying pp 738-743 (the issue being pp633-746). SCARCE. According to the DSB: "Hartree's chief contribution to science was his development of powerful methods of numerical mathematical analysis, which made it possible for him to apply successfully the so-called self-consistent field method to the calculation of atomic wave functions of polyelectronic atoms, that is, those which in the neutral condition have more than one electron surrounding the nucleus. These calculations involved the numerical solution of the partial differential equations of quantum mechanics for many-body systems subject to the usual boundary conditions. From the atomic wave functions it is possible to calculate the average distribution of negative electric charge as a function of distance from the nucleus. (Book ID 23193) $650.00

Householder, Alton S.. Generation of Errors in Digital Computation. Menasha: American Mathematical Society, 1954. 1st edition. Bulletin of the AMerican Mathematical Society Vol 60, #3, May '50 Pp 234-248 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Fine condition. (Book ID 22745) $150.00
Kleene, Stephen C.. Turing-MAchine Computable Functionals of Finite Types, I and II. See below, 1960+1962. 1st edition. Original printed wrappers. Fine condition. We present here two significant works by the great Kleene, both presented in their original offprint forms. (1) Turing-Machine Computable Functionals of Finite types I. Offprint. "Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Proceedings of the 1960 International Congress. Printed 1962. Pp 38-45; printed on one side of the page only. (2) Turing-Machine Computable Functionals of Finite Types II.Offprint: Proc of the London Mathemtical Society, 1960. Both are RARE. (Book ID 22875) $2,000.00

Lardner, Dionysius. Babbage's Calculating Engine. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Review, 1834. 1st edition. Edinburgh Review, volume 59, #120, July 1834. Pp 263-327 (of 545pp). 8vo. Half-calf. Fair condition. This is a binding copy--the text is fine, though the binding is really quite gone. Dionysius Lardner ("the world's first science journalist [Hyman, "Charles Babbage--Pioneer of the Computer", p. 120 (1982)]) and reported here, for the first time, on the Babbage calculating engine. "This highly favorable review...was the first popular exposition in the subject...Lardner arguing for the necessity of such a machine...the conclusion of the article is the history of the construction of the machine. with suggestions for reaching a rapid and successful conclusion to the project". "It was from this article that Scheutz...derived the first conception of constructing a small machine for effecting the same purpose as that of Babbage". Archibald, R.C. "P.G. Scheutz...Biography and Bibliography", MTAC II, no. 17, p 239, January 1947. "The machine that Lardner described...fascinated Scheutz, who (with eventual success) set out to design one for himself". Trevor WIlliams, "A History of Computing Technology", p. 175 (1985). Note on Condition: this is a binding copy of the entire volume of the Edinburgh Review for this half year--this means that the spine is pretty well shot although the covers are recoverable--the text however is crisp and bright (Book ID 22802) $650.00

Lehmer, Daniel H.. The Sieve Problem for All-Purpose Computers. Washington DC: National Research Council, 1953. 1st edition. Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation, VII/41 Original printed wrappers. Very good condition. The other contributions to this issue include: Gertrude Blanch and Everett C. Yowell Addendum to a Guide to Tables on Punched Cards . . . 1--6 D. H. L. The Sieve Problem for All-Purpose Computers . . . 6--14 L. Fox The Use of Large Intervals in Finite-Difference Equations . . . 14--18 H. P. Edmundson Monte Carlo Matrix Inversion and Recurrent Events . . . 18--21 J. J. Stone Technical Developments: The USAF--Fairchild Specialized Computer (in Automatic Computing Machinery) . . . 34--37 R. A. Brooker and D. J. Wheeler Floating Operations on the EDSAC (in Automatic Computing Machinery; Discussions) . . . 37--47 Max G. Scherberg and John F. Riordan Analogue Calculation of Polynomial and Trigonometric Expansions (in Other Aids to Computation) . . . 61--65 Anonymous Corrigenda . . .72--72 (Book ID 22905) $350.00

Leontief, Wassily. Mahematics in Economics. Menasha: American Mathematical Society, 1954. 1st edition. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society Pp 215-234 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Fine condition. We offer the entire issue for May 1954 (pp 207-300), with the Leontief article occupying pp 215-234. The following appreciation of Leontief is taken from the cepa.newschool.org site, as follows: "Wassily Leontief's name has been associated with a particular type of quantitative economics: input-output analysis. Input-output was partly inspired by the Marxian and Walrasian analysis of general equilibrium via interindustry flows - which in turn were inspired by Quesnay's Tableau Economique, and was the outgrowth of the "multi-sectoral" approach followed by the Kiel School. Although of fluctuating popularity, input-output analysis has been a mainstay of economics and economic policy and planning throughout the world for the past half-century." This work is also listed under the bibliography here of Leontief's "major works". (Book ID 22744) $150.00

Mandelbrot, Benoit. How Long is the Coastline of Britain? Statistical Self Similarity and Fractional Dimension.... Science, 1967. 1st edition. Science, vol 156, no. 3775, pp 636-638 Pp 636-638 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Fine condition. **RARE ORIGINAL OFFPRINT** How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension is a paper by mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot, first published in Science in 1967. In this paper Mandelbrot discusses self-similar curves that have fractional dimensions between 1 and 2. These curves are examples of fractals, although Mandelbrot does not use this term in the paper, as he did not coin it until 1975. In the first part of the paper Mandelbrot discusses research published by Lewis Fry Richardson on how the measured lengths of coastlines and other natural geographic borders are dependent on the scale of measurement. Richardson had observed that the measured length L(G) of various country borders was a function of the measurement scale G. Collecting data from several different examples, he conjectured that L(G) could be closely approximated by a function of the form L(G) = MG1 − D Mandelbrot interprets this result as showing that coastlines and other geographic borders can have a property of statistical self-similarity, with the exponent D measuring the Hausdorff dimension of the border. With this interpretation, the examples in Richardson's research have dimensions ranging from 1.02 for the coastline of South Africa to 1.25 for the West coast of Britain. In the second part of the paper Mandelbrot describes various curves, related to the Koch snowflake, which are defined in such a way that they are strictly self-similar. Mandelbrot shows how to calculate the Hausdorff dimension of each of these curves, each of which has a dimension between 1 and 2. He also mentions (but does not give a construction for) the space-filling Peano curve, which has a dimension of 2. The paper is important because it shows Mandelbrot's early thinking on fractals, and is an example of the linking of mathematical objects with natural forms that was a theme of much of his later work. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Long_Is_the_Coast_of_Britain%3F_Statistical_Self-Similarity_and_Fractional_Dimension" (Book ID 22815) $1,250.00

Metropolis, Nicolas. The Monte Carlo Method. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1949. Volume 44, Number 247, September 1949 Numerical methods that are known as Monte Carlo methods can be loosely described as statistical simulation methods, where statistical simulation is defined in quite general terms to be any method that utilizes sequences of random numbers to perform the simulation. Monte Carlo methods have been used for centuries, but only in the past several decades has the technique gained the status of a full-fledged numerical method capable of addressing the most complex applications. The name ``Monte Carlo'' was coined by Metropolis (inspired by Ulam's interest in poker) during the Manhattan Project of World War II, because of the similarity of statistical simulation to games of chance, and because the capital of Monaco was a center for gambling and similar pursuits. Monte Carlo is now used routinely in many diverse fields, from the simulation of complex physical phenomena such as radiation transport in the earth's atmosphere and the simulation of the esoteric subnuclear processes in high energy physics experiments, to the mundane, such as the simulation of a Bingo game. See: Eckhardt, Roger (1987). Stan Ulam, John von Neumann, and the Monte Carlo method, Los Alamos Science, Special Issue (15), 131-137. Metropolis, Nicholas and Stanislaw Ulam (1949). The Monte Carlo method, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 44 (247), 335-341. Another account: Credit for inventing the Monte Carlo method often goes to Stanislaw Ulam, a Polish born mathematician who worked for John von Neumann on the United States’ Manhattan Project during World War II. Ulam is primarily known for designing the hydrogen bomb with Edward Teller in 1951. He invented the Monte Carlo method in 1946 while pondering the probabilities of winning a card game of solitaire. Quoted in Eckhardt (1987), Ulam describes the incident as: The first thoughts and attempts I made to practice [the Monte Carlo Method] were suggested by a question which occurred to me in 1946 as I was convalescing from an illness and playing solitaires. The question was what are the chances that a Canfield solitaire laid out with 52 cards will come out successfully? After spending a lot of time trying to estimate them by pure combinatorial calculations, I wondered whether a more practical method than “abstract thinking” might not be to lay it out say one hundred times and simply observe and count the number of successful plays. This was already possible to envisage with the beginning of the new era of fast computers, and I immediately thought of problems of neutron diffusion and other questions of mathematical physics, and more generally how to change processes described by certain differential equations into an equivalent form interpretable as a succession of random operations. Later … [in 1946, I] described the idea to John von Neumann, and we began to plan actual calculations. And another: Short History of Monte Carlo Simulation The name "Monte Carlo" appeared in the World War II times, and sometimes is attributed to the researcher Nicholas Metropolis, inspired in the interest of Stanislaw Ulam, his colleague of Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, in the poker game. Monte Carlo, the capital of Monaco, was a known reference for gambling. According Eckhardt, Ulam invented the Monte Carlo method in 1946 while pondering the probabilities of winning a card game of solitaire. However, Metropolis "attributes the germ of this statistical method to Enrico Fermi, who had used such ideas some 15 years earlier”.. According Liu (2001, p.vii-viii): "The basic idea underlying the method was first brought up by Ulam and deliberated between him and von Neumann in a car when they drove together from Los Alamos to Lamy. Allegedly, Nick Metropolis coined the name 'Monte Carlo', which played an essential role in popularizing the method". Liu comments that the Los Alamos scientists aiming to take advante of the first "super" computer MANIAC, invented a statistical sampling-based technique to solve problems related to stochastic neutron diffusion in atomic bomb project and for estimating eigenvalues of the Schrödinger equation. Winston (1996, p.22) wrote that the term was coined by mathematicians S. Ulam and J. von Neumann in the feasibility project of atomic bomb by simulations of nuclear fission, and they given the code name Monte Carlo for these simulations. The first Monte Carlo paper, "The Monte Carlo Method" by Metropolis & Ulam, was published in 1949 in the Journal of the American Statistical Association. Since then, several different areas has been using the Monte Carlo simulations. With the advent of personal computers and the popularization of faster computational machines, the Monte Carlo simulations has been increasing popular as an important alternative for the solution of complex problems. Shewhart, Walter Andrew. Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control. With the editorial Assistance of W. Edwards Deming. Washington, DC, Department of Agriculture: 1939. First edition. 8vo, 1x,155pp, diagrams, tables etc in the text. Original cloth. A fine (+) copy. Very bright. $1250 Fine copy of a scarce and seminal work. "Whereas Shewhart's early writings and first book (1931) were focused on statistical control of industrial production processes, in his second book (above) he extended the applications of statistical process control to the measurement processes of science, and stressed the importance of operational definitions of basic quantities in science, industry and commerce….(this book) has profoundly influenced statistical methods of research in the behavioral, biological and physical sciences, and in engineering…" (DSB, XVIII, 818a) (Book ID 21322) SOLD

Quine, Willard van Orman. "A Way to Simplify Truth Functions". Mathematical Association of America, 1955. 1st edition. American Mathematical Monthly 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Very good condition. This is presentation of the Quine-McCluskey method of logical circuit minimization. Major paper, and its only appearance. The Quineâ€“McCluskey algorithm (or the method of prime implicants) is a method used for minimization of boolean functions which was developed by W.V. Quine and Edward J. McCluskey. It is functionally identical to Karnaugh mapping, but the tabular form makes it more efficient for use in computer algorithms, and it also gives a deterministic way to check that the minimal form of a Boolean function has been reached. It is sometimes referred to as the tabulation method. (Book ID 22874) $750.00

Rapoport, Anatol. Contribution to the Probabilistic THeory of Neural Nets: I-4, (complete). Chicago: University of Chicago, 1950. Bulletin of MAthematical Biophysics, vol 12, June, Sept and Decem Original printed wrappers. Very good condition. We offer three issues of Nicolas Rashevsky's Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics containing the three parts of Rapoport's groundbreaking contribution. The issue for June lacks the outer wrappers; the other two issues are complete with their outer wrappers. June: (1) Randomization of refractory Periods and Stimulus in Intervals, pp 109-121. September: (2) Facilitation and Threshold Phenomena, pp187-198. December, (3): Specific Inhibitions, pp 317-327. AND (4) Various Models for Inhibition, (same issue), pp 327-338. (Book ID 23176) $750.00

Samuelson, Paul A.. The Market and Linear Programming: 4 papers.. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 1949. 1st edition. 4to. Original printed wrappers. Fine condition. All papers were published by the Rand Corporation, US Air Force Project Rand, Santa Monica, California. All are 11 x 8.5”, mimeographed, and gathered together in a stiff-wrapper Rand punch binder. The binders are cream colored and in very good condition. Market Mechanisms and Mechanization. 28 March 1949. 78pp. Copy no. 117. Market Mechanisms and Maximization, III: Dynamics and Linear Programming. 29 June 1949. Copy no. 73. 23pp. The Le Chatelier Principle in Linear Programming. 4 August 1949. Copy no. 70. 18pp. Abstract of theorem Concerning Substitutability in Leontief Systems. 9 February 1949. Copy no. 32. 4pp. All are very uncommon. [SOLD]

Shockley, WIlliam. A Simple Domain Structure in an Iron Crystal Showing a Direct Correlation with the Magnetization. Lancaster: APS, 1949. 1st edition. Physical Review 73/1, January 1949 Original printed wrappers. Fine condition. The following abstract is taken from the great AIP website section PROLA: H. J. Williams and W. Shockley A hollow rectangle cut from a single crystal of 3.8 percent silicon iron has been studied with the aid of powder patterns and flux measurements. The edges and surfaces were all cut accurately parallel to <100>, the directions of easy magnetization. The domain pattern consists of 8 domains , four forming an inner rectangle magnetized in one direction and the others forming an oppositely magnetized outer rectangle. Changes in magnetization occur by the growth of one set of domains at the expense of the other. In the saturated condition, each leg of the rectangle is one domain about 1.5Ãƒâ€”0.1Ãƒâ€”0.1 cm in size. Implications of these results in connection with Barkhausen effect are discussed, and a method of measuring the energy of the Bloch wall is proposed. Phys. Rev. 75, 178 (1949) Cited 53 times (Book ID 22891) $150.00

Shockley, WIlliam. Holes and Electrons. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1950. 1st edition. Physics Today, vol 3 number 10 Pp 16-25 Royal 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Fine condition. This is the original wrappers edition of Physics Today (Vol 3 Number 10, October 1950) PRECEDING PUBLICATION of Shockley's book "Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors, with Applications to Transistor Electronics". The paper "presents in simplified form a portion of the author's book...which is planned for publication..." The Shockley article occupies pp 16-25 of this 40pp publication. From the library of David Katcher, founding editor of "Physics Today". This is a fine, crisp copy of this publication--a nicer copy would be hard to imagine. (Book ID 22740) $950.00

Simon, Herbert. A Comparison of Game Theory and Learning Theory.. Pittsburg: Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1956. 1st edition. (1956). 11x8.5", mimeographed typed sheets, staple-bound. Owner's stamp on top front wrapper upper right. Fine copy. Rare. HERBERT A. SIMON's research has ranged from computer science to psychology, administration, and economics, and philosophy. The thread of continuity through all his work has been his interest in human decision-making and problem-solving processes, and the implications of these processes for social institutions. For more than 40 years, he has been making extensive use of the computer as a tool for both simulating human thinking and augmenting it with artificial intelligence. Born in 1916 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Simon was educated in political science at the University of Chicago (B.A., 1936, Ph.D., 1943). He has held research and faculty positions at the University of California (Berkeley), Illinois Institute of Technology, and since 1949, Carnegie Mellon University, where he is Richard King Mellon University Professor of Computer Science and Psychology, and a member also of the Departments of Philosophy and of Social and Decision Sciences, and the Graduate School of Industrial Administration. In 1978, he received the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and in 1986 the National Medal of Science; in 1969, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association, in 1975 the A.M. Turing Award of the Association for Computing Machinery (with Allen Newell), in 1988, the John von Neumann Theory Prize of ORSA/TIMS, and in 1995, the Research Excellence Award of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Simon's books include Administrative Behavior, Human Problem Solving, jointly with Allen Newell, The Sciences of the Artificial, Scientific Discovery, with Pat Langley, Gary Bradshaw, and Jan Zytkow, three volumes of his collected economics papers (Models of Bounded Rationality), two volumes of collected psychology papers (Models of Thought), a volume of papers on philosophy of science (Models of Discovery), and his autobiography, Models of My Life. (Book ID 21325) $2,750.00

Thomson, WIlliam. On a Machine for the Solution of Simultaenous Linear Equations. London: Nature Magazine, 1878. 1st edition. Nature, volume 19 ` Royal 8vo. Very good condition. Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) along with his brother James devised this early analogue computation device appearing in the December 19, 1878 issue of the great science journal "Nature", occupying pp 161-162, the article being approximately 1000-words. We offer the issue, complete, with the original front wrapper and ads, removed from a larger bound volume. ALso in this issue appears an interesting book review (of 3-pages) by James Clerk Maxwell, an article on the microphone by Thomas Tait (Thomson & Tait!), as well as a number of other interesting entries. The whole issue comprises 25pp. AN article of the same title appears in the Proceedings of the Royal Society in 1879. James Thomson's article "On an Integrating Machine Having a New Kinemtic Principle" appears a year earlier, 1876, in he same journal. (Book ID 22687) $475.00

Tompkins, C.B.. High-Speed Computing Devices. New York: McGraw Hill, 1950. 1st edition. 8vo. Cloth. Very fine condition. Very good dust jacket Beautiful copy of the book in a VG copy of the dj. The dj has the usual nicks and chips but also has the usual fading on the spine as well. This is simply the best of the pre-1960â€™s textbooks on the computer, complete with a seemingly endless amount of data on the golden age of computers. This classic work is enhanced by a (very) unusually complete series of chapter-ending references and bibliographies. Among much else of interest we find a treatment of the Harvard Mark I and II on pp 183-187 in the chapter on â€œLarge-Scale Digital Computing Systemsâ€ on pp 182-222 with bibliography occupying pp 218-222. Also, the â€œPunched-Card Computing Systemsâ€ chapter pp 146-181 has a splendid bibliography on pp 166-181. --This is considered to be the first textbook on digital computers, the first compendium in English on digital computer technology, and a pioneering work that influenced many computer designers during the 1950s. It provides an unsurpassed picture of the state of the art during the late 1940s, and is further enhanced by the inclusion of several excellent bibliographies. Goldstine, p. 315 Sarrazin F2. "The book is a careful analysis of the electronic field as of 1950 and was in very large measure written by the late Professor C. B. Tompkins.." - Goldstine 315. It was written to satisfy "a perceived need, following the end of WW II, for compendium of technologies applicable to the emerging field of electronic digital computers...Because published technical information was scarce in the U.S., there can be little question that the book was an important contribution to computer literature...with its state of the art picture of the period 1947 through 1949, establishes a well-documented baseline fro tracking and evaluating subsequent technological progress." Arnold Cohen, from the Introduction to the 1983 Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series Edition of the ERA Report, published by Tomash Publshing. ERA Background note: Engineering Research Associates' (ERA) origins can be traced to a classified World War II era Navy project which recruited highly skilled cryptologists, mathematicians, engineers, and physicists to break German and Japanese codes in order to pinpoint the movements of their ships. These tasks required the use of computing devices that could calculate data at ever increasing speeds. This led to an effort to investigate electronic solutions to cryptologic problems. The work of this group was coordinated by Commander Howard T. Engstrom, who before the war had been a professor of mathematics at Yale University; and Lt. Commander William C. Norris, former sales manager for Westinghouse. After the war, the Navy made an effort to keep this team together and offered several members civil service appointments. However, Engstrom and Norris preferred to go into business for themselves. In the fall of 1945, they began searching for financial backing, but this proved to be difficult because they were unable to discuss their classified projects with potential investors. Finally, John Parker, a Wall Street investment banker and former head of Northwestern Aeronautical Corporation, provided the necessary capital. In January 1946, Engineering Research Associates was formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where John Parker was based. In the fall of 1946, ERA received its first major contract from the Office of Naval Research to compile a report on â€œHigh Speed Computing Devicesâ€. This report, which became the definitive study of the infant state of computing, was later published in book form by McGraw Hill. During this project, ERA personnel was given access to classified government reports and worked with computer pioneers John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, inventors of the ENIAC, and John von Neumann, of Princeton University's Institute for Advanced Study. ERA was dependent on government funded cost-plus--fixed-fee contracts. In August 1947, it began work for the Navy on Task 13 - a project to design a general all-purpose stored-program computer. During this project ERA developed the first magnetic storage drum; the technology upon which the next two generations of computers was based. In October, 1950, ERA completed work on the Atlas computer - America's first electronic stored-program computer. The Atlas with its 2,700 vacuum tubes was capable of running twenty-four hours a day with only 10% of the time allotted for maintenance. ERA hoped to establish a niche in the private sector. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, it worked with TWA to develop an automated airline reservation system. It also had a number of contracts with Prudential Insurance Company. However, the Navy was its primary customer. This left it vulnerable to Washington politics. Even though it was recognized as the most advanced computer company in the world, Drew Pearson's 1951 column in the â€œWashington Merry Go Roundâ€ charged Norris and Engstrom had used war time government connections to advance their private business. Pearson charged that ERA's Navy contracts represented a clear conflict of interest and were not subjected to competitive bidding. By 1952, under considerable political pressure, ERA merged with the Remington Rand Corporation. At first it operated as a semi-autonomous division, but after the 1955 Sperry merger, it was consolidated with the Eckert-Mauchly division of Sperry Rand and became part of Sperry-UNIVAC. William Norris never found this to be a satisfactory relationship. In 1957, Norris left Sperry to establish the Control Data Corporation. Later that year, the ERA people who remained were given a good deal more autonomy when Sperry created its St. Paul Research Division led by Sidney Rubens and Arnold Cohen. This division's primary job was to develop computer systems for the military and it played a crucial role in developing the command and control systems for the U.S.'s International Continental Ballistic Missiles and early space satellites. In 1960, what was left of the ERA group became Sperrys' Military Division, which was renamed the Aerospace Division. [SOLD]

Wiener, Norbert. Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series. With Engineering Applications. Cambridge: MIT, 1949. 1st edition. Cloth, dustjackets. Very good condition. Very good dust jacket SIGNED BY WIENER IN FULL Black cloth, stamped in red and gilt. Signed by Wiener, in full. Scarce in dust jacket. First edition of the first book on the Wiener Filter, which marks the beginning of communication theory. It has been the opinion of many that Wiener will be remembered for his Extrapolation long after Cybernetics is forgotten. Indeed few computer-science students would know today what cybernetics is all about, while every communication student knows what Wiener's filter is. The work was circulated as a classified memorandum in 1942, as it was connected with sensitive war-time efforts to improve radar communication. This book by Wiener became "the basis for modern communication theory" (D.S.B.). Combining ideas from statistics and time-series analysis, Wiener used Gauss's method of shaping the characteristic of a detector to allow for the maximal recognition of signals in the presence of noise. This method came to be known as the "Wiener filter." [SOLD]

WIlkes, Maurice V.. EDSAC: an Electronic Calculating Machine.. Cambridge: 1949. 1st printing. Jour. Scientific Instruments, Vol. 26, pp. 385-391. 4to. Cloth. Very good condition. The EDSAC - an Electronic Calculating Machine, by M V Wilkes and W Renwick. The University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge. Received 11 July 1949. Print publication: Issue 12 (December 1949) Jour. Scientific Instruments, Vol. 26, pp. 385-391. Reprinted in Randell, Brian. 1982. Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 417-422. Bound in volume 26 (1949) of the Journal of Scientific Instruments. 426pp. 4to. Bound in the JSI light green, bevel board binding. The volume runs to 427pp; this article occupies pp 385-392. The book itself is an attractive ex-library copy from Brooklyn, and has library rubberstamps on the top and bottoms of the page edges, and also has small white-painted call numbers on the spine bottom. Overall, a nice, fresh copy. Very uncommon. $1250 This seems to be the first report on the EDSAC once it had become operational 6 months earlier in June. Abstract. The EDSAC is a large-scale electronic calculating machine in which ultrasonic delay units are used for storage of orders and numbers. It is serial in operation and works in the scale of two. Punched tape is used for input and a teleprinter for output. The paper describes the functions of the various units of which the machine is composed, and explains with block diagrams the manner in which orders are taken one by one from the store and executed. (Book ID 22809) $1,250.00

WIlkes, Maurice V., with Wheeler+Gill. THe Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer, with Speical Reference to EDSAC and the Use of Library S. San Francisco: Tomash Publishers, 1982. Volume 1 in the Charles Babbage Reprint Series in the History of Cloth. Very fine condition. GRACE MURRAY HOPPER'S copy: this is a signed presentation copy to Admiral Hopper, "with the respect and admiration to a pioneer of the art of computer programming", from Martin Campbell-Kelly, the editor-in-general of the series. This copy is AS NEW, with a the original flimsy glassine dustjacket, which has seen better days. (Book ID 23191) $450.00

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